tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24665294779424473862024-03-13T21:06:28.835-07:00International Study of RE-RegionsInternational Study of Renewable Energy RegionsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.comBlogger44125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-31131348310548164552010-04-02T10:24:00.001-07:002010-05-23T06:54:25.322-07:00City of Santa Monica, USA<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Santa Monica, renewable energy in Santa Monica</span>.<br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Santa Monica is a city in western Los Angeles County, California, USA (Figure 1). This town is located in Santa Monica Bay. This city is surrounded by:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><ul><li>Northwest: Los Angeles City - Pacific Palisades<br /></li><li>North: Brentwood<br /></li><li>Northeast: West Lost Angeles<br /></li><li>East: Mar Vista<br /></li><li>Southeast: Venice</li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7dKOaJUWRI/AAAAAAAAAbo/PNRDprtAhVk/s1600/244px-LA_County_Incorporated_Areas_Santa_Monica_highlighted.svg.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 244px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7dKOaJUWRI/AAAAAAAAAbo/PNRDprtAhVk/s400/244px-LA_County_Incorporated_Areas_Santa_Monica_highlighted.svg.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455911084979673362" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Santa Monica City in Los Angeles County, California<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Desire and Target of Renewable Energy Utilization</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Santa Monica City aims to increase the use of Renewable and clean distributed generation sources, and thus reduce the city's total amount of green house emissions and consumption of fossil fuels. Target utilization of renewable energy is 25% citywide electricity by 2010. In addition, 1% of all electricity should come from clean distributed generation by 2010. Main goal is renewable energy self sufficient in 2020.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Performance of Renewable Energy</span><br />Renewable energy comes from three sources:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>first and the largest proportion: Southern California Edision (SCE) renewable power mix, mainly geothermal and wind energy.</li><li>Commerce Energy<br /></li><li>Solar Santa Monica<br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">The combination of renewable energy from SCE and Commerce Energy was 531 GJ by 2006 or 18% of total electricity usage (Figure 1). SCE contributes 16% and Commerce Energy 2% of total electricity usage (Figure 2). Clean distributed energy currently is 10% of all electricity usage.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cWP2dflKI/AAAAAAAAAa4/w0GRmXP-Slc/s1600/Renewables+Composition+%26+%25Total+Electricity+Usage+in+Santa+Monica-edit.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 248px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cWP2dflKI/AAAAAAAAAa4/w0GRmXP-Slc/s400/Renewables+Composition+%26+%25Total+Electricity+Usage+in+Santa+Monica-edit.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455853935155713186" border="0" /></a>Figure 1. Renewable Composition and Percentage of Total Electricity Usage<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cVLNkVYzI/AAAAAAAAAaw/7wt7MZg42wI/s1600/Renewable+Energy-Total+Electricity+Usage+2006-Santa+Monica-edit.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 150px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cVLNkVYzI/AAAAAAAAAaw/7wt7MZg42wI/s400/Renewable+Energy-Total+Electricity+Usage+2006-Santa+Monica-edit.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455852755947447090" border="0" /></a>Figure 2. Renewable Energy as a Percent of Total Electricity Usage 2006<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;">Solar Santa Monica</span><br />This program was launched in 2006 as the first step of Community Energy Independence Initiative. It provides ways for residents to be energy efficient of utilizing energy in home and business, and ways how to produce energy by installing solar panels on individual buildings and community sites throughout the city. In 2007, nearly 20 solar projects was implemented.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /></div></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Santa Monica Sustainable City Plan</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This plan was initiated in 1992 by the City's Task Force on the environment to ensure that Santa Monica Community think, act, and plan sustainable. The program includes four goal areas, which are classified into resource conservation, transportation, pollution prevention and public health protection, community economic development. This program has achieved much success. Many initial targets have been met and this city is recognized as worldwide role model for sustainability.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Update Process</span><br />In reviewing the progress made since1994 adoption of the program, the Task Force on the Environment recognized the need to update and expand the sustainability city goals and indicators and to develop new indicators target for 2010. Goals correlated to renewable energy is in the area of resource conservation found in Sustainable City Plan - Adopted plan 2006 are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Significantly decrease overall community consumption, specifically the consumption of non-local, non-renewable, non-recyclable, and non-recycled materials, water, energy, and fuels. The city should take a leadership role in encouraging sustainable procurement, extended producer responsibility, and should explore innovative strategies to become a zero waste city.</li><li>Within renewable limits, encourage the use of local, non polluting, renewable, and recycled resources (water, energy - wind, solar, and geothermal - and material resources).</li></ul><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Next Plan to be Improved</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Become energy independent with Solar Santa Monica.</li><li>Purchase renewable energy credits to supplement the portion of utility provided power which is not renewable.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Official site of Solar Santa Monica. <a href="http://www.solarsantamonica.com/">http://www.solarsantamonica.com/</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>Large Purchasers of Green Power: City of Santa Monica. <a href="http://apps3.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/buying/customers.shtml?page=1&companyid=27">http://apps3.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/buying/customers.shtml?page=1&companyid=27</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>Solar Santa Monica. <a href="http://www.cleanfleetreport.com/cities/solar-santa-monica/">http://www.cleanfleetreport.com/cities/solar-santa-monica/</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>Santa Monica plans to buy all 'green' power, aims to set example for nation. <a href="http://www.feinstein.org/ap/santamonicagreenenergy.html">http://www.feinstein.org/ap/santamonicagreenenergy.html</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>Santa Monica - Green Power Purchasing. <a href="http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CA13R&re=1&ee=1">http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CA13R&re=1&ee=1</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>Cycle Santa Monica! Renewable Energy Fair. <a href="http://cyclesantamonica.blogspot.com/2006/08/renewable-energy-fair.html">http://cyclesantamonica.blogspot.com/2006/08/renewable-energy-fair.html</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Santa Monica, California. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.<br /></li><li>Resource Conservation: Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Sustainability/Sustainable_City_Progress_Report/Resource_Conservation/Renewable_Energy.aspx">http://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Sustainability/Sustainable_City_Progress_Report/Resource_Conservation/Renewable_Energy.aspx</a>. Accessed April 2, 2010.<br /></li><li>Santa Monica Sustainable City Plan. <a href="http://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Sustainability/SCP_2006_Adopted_Plan.pdf">http://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Sustainability/SCP_2006_Adopted_Plan.pdf</a>. Accessed April 2, 2010.<br /></li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-41501665402248414332010-04-02T10:20:00.000-07:002010-06-20T08:22:41.505-07:00Hawaii Energy Self Sufficient, USA<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords</span><span style="font-style: italic;">: </span><span style="font-style: italic;">renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Hawaii, renewable energy in Hawaii</span>.<br /><br /><br />Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. States and is the only state made up entirely of islands. It occupies most of an archipelago in the central of Pacific Ocean, southwest of continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of Australia (Figure 1). The capital of Hawaii is Honolulu on the island of O'ahu.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7dN5N2DxmI/AAAAAAAAAbw/4I5-Hg4COg0/s1600/220px-Hawaii_in_Pacific_Ocean.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 220px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7dN5N2DxmI/AAAAAAAAAbw/4I5-Hg4COg0/s400/220px-Hawaii_in_Pacific_Ocean.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455915118946928226" border="0" /></a>Figure 1. Hawaii in Pacific Ocean<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Motivation</span><br />Hawaii relies nearly 90% of its energy needs on petroleum. Currently, Hawaii faces the highest cost of energy in the nation. This dependency places Hawaii's long term economic viability at risk because high oil prices will be passed on to consumers.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">2</sup> Since 1959, Hawaii's tourism has been the largest industry. This industry contributes 24.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Experts indicate that world oil prices have reached new highs, the low prices in the past are not expected to return because worldwide demands continue to increase. To make sure there is energy for tomorrow and to increase the addiction on imported oil, the state decided to make Hawaii energy self sufficient.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Vision</span><div style="text-align: justify;">The vision of Hawaii is to be the World's Renewable Hydrogen Energy Leader. The focus is producing hydrogen from renewable resources, and not conversion of hydrogen from fossil fuels. In the long-term, it is believed that this initiative could change Hawaii from energy importer to energy exporter.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Fuel Potential</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />A study by Stillwater Associates in 2003 showed that an ethanol industry of 90,000 gallons per year could add as much as $300,000,000 to Hawaii's economy indirect and direct value. In addition, emerging energy technologies increase the use of renewable resources through advanced hydrogen technology. It makes renewable energy can be stored, distributed, and used in variety of clean, efficient power, and transportation application.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Strategic Plan</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Create More Transparency In Gasoline Markets And the Energy Industry</li><li>Develop And Increase Use Of Alternate Transportation Fuels</li><li>Stimulate State and Consumer Energy Efficiency</li><li>Significantly Increase Use of Renewable Energy Resources</li><li>Establish Hawaii as Leader in Hydrogen Production</li></ol><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul><li>Green Hawaii - Energy Self Sufficiency is in the Aloha State's Future. <a href="http://www.bizmology.com/2008/02/11/green-hawaii-energy-self-sufficiency-is-in-the-aloha-states-future/">http://www.bizmology.com/2008/02/11/green-hawaii-energy-self-sufficiency-is-in-the-aloha-states-future/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Hawaii Energy Blog. <a href="http://www.lifeofthelandhawaii.org/Hawaii-Energy-Blog.html">http://www.lifeofthelandhawaii.org/Hawaii-Energy-Blog.html</a>. Accessed April 14th, 2010.</li><li>Refinery Key to Self Sufficiency. <a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Mar/14/op/hawaii3140329.html">http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Mar/14/op/hawaii3140329.html</a>. Accessed April 14th, 2010.</li><li>Hawaii's Goal: Energy Self-Sufficient. <a href="http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?40395">http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?40395</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Can Hawaii County Really Be Energy Self-Sufficient? <a href="http://energyfuturehawaii.org/resources/7-renewable-energy-a-energy-efficiency/84-can-hawaii-county-really-be-energy-self-sufficient.html">http://energyfuturehawaii.org/resources/7-renewable-energy-a-energy-efficiency/84-can-hawaii-county-really-be-energy-self-sufficient.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Energy self-sufficiency for the big island of Hawaii. <a href="http://openlibrary.org/b/OL4070259M/Energy_self-sufficiency_for_the_big_island_of_Hawaii">http://openlibrary.org/b/OL4070259M/Energy_self-sufficiency_for_the_big_island_of_Hawaii</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism - Hawaii Business Resource Site: Energy. <a href="http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/">http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism - Hawaii Business Resource Site: Renewable Energy. <a href="http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/renewable/">http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/renewable/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Hawai'i Natural Energy Institute. School of Ocean & Earth Science & technology - University of Hawai'i at Manoa. <a href="http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/">http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Hawaiian Electric Company - HECO: Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.heco.com/portal/site/heco/menuitem.20516707928314340b4c0610c510b1ca/?vgnextoid=c6caf2b154da9010VgnVCM10000053011bacRCRD">http://www.heco.com/portal/site/heco/menuitem.20516707928314340b4c0610c510b1ca/?vgnextoid=c6caf2b154da9010VgnVCM10000053011bacRCRD</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>A Catalog of Potential Sites for Renewable Energy in Hawaii. <a href="https://www.eere-pmc.energy.gov/states/Hawaii_Docs/cpsre07.pdf">https://www.eere-pmc.energy.gov/states/Hawaii_Docs/cpsre07.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Leading Role for HC & S in Hawaii Renewable Energy Research, Biofuels - Federal Funding to be Provided. <a href="http://www.welt.de/newsticker/finanzen_nt/Business_Wire_englisch_nt/article7092379/Leading-Role-for-HC-amp-amp-S-in-Hawaii-Renewable-Energy-Research-Biofuels-Federal-Funding-to-be-Provided.html">http://www.welt.de/newsticker/finanzen_nt/Business_Wire_englisch_nt/article7092379/Leading-Role-for-HC-amp-amp-S-in-Hawaii-Renewable-Energy-Research-Biofuels-Federal-Funding-to-be-Provided.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Puna Geothermal Venture Hawaii. <a href="http://www.punageothermalventure.com/">http://www.punageothermalventure.com/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Hawaii Considers US$50m Bonds for Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/7123/hawaii-considers-us50m-bonds-for-renewable-energy/">http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/7123/hawaii-considers-us50m-bonds-for-renewable-energy/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Hawaii Says Aloha (Greeting) to Clean, Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=hawaii-renewable-energy">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=hawaii-renewable-energy</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Hawaii. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.<br /></li><li>Energy for Tomorrow. <a href="http://www.oilendgame.com/pdfs/Implementation/WtOEg_EnergyForTomorrow.pdf">http://www.oilendgame.com/pdfs/Implementation/WtOEg_EnergyForTomorrow.pdf</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.<br /></li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-45823799743122268742010-04-02T10:10:00.001-07:002010-06-23T09:10:06.207-07:00The municipality of Thisted in Northwest Jutland, Denmark<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Thisted Municipality</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, renewable energy in Thisted Municipality.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.thisted.dk/">Thisted Municipality</a><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> is a municipality in Region Nordjyland, Denmark.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The municipality covers area 1,093 km<sup>2</sup> and has total population 45,596 inhabitants in 2009.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Thisted.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">North Denmark Region or North Jutland Region is an administrative region of Denmark. This region is established on January 1, 2007 as a part of the 2007 Danish municipal reform. This reform replaces the traditional counties with five larger regions. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, cut the number of municipalities from 271 to 98. The reform was implemented in Denmark on January 1, 2007.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7h_8QIIwYI/AAAAAAAAAc4/sUJfy-1LG7A/s1600/Thisted+Municipality.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 383px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7h_8QIIwYI/AAAAAAAAAc4/sUJfy-1LG7A/s400/Thisted+Municipality.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456251621657330050" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Thisted Municipality in Denmark<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][</sup><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">4]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">On January 1, 2007 a new Thisted Municipality was formed as the result of the Municipal Reform 2007. Merged was done between Hanstholm and Sydthy Municipalities.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Current Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Thisted is almost 100% renewable energy self-sufficient. The municipality uses less than 1% fossil fuels to produce energy and heat. With twenty years experience with renewable energy sources, the energy and heat consumption is almost exclusively derived from wind, sun, biogas, geothermal plant, incineration of biomass and residual heat from industry. Those various sources provide 100% electricity supplies and 85% heat to the municipality. It means, 90,000 fewer tonnes of CO2 are emitted into the atmosphere.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The municipality has been nominated to be the home of a national test centre for a large wind turbines in 2009. Thisted has received the prestigious European Solar Prize for its renewable energy effort.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Actors Involved in the Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Citizens, grassroots organizations, and local companies are actively involved in supplying the municipality with renewable energy from private wind turbines, geothermal installations, and biogas plants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Success Factors</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Success factors of Thisted is characterized by the development has been going on in step with local farmers investing many privately owned wind turbines and biogas plant. All of 252 Thisted wind turbines are privately owned. Investing in renewable energy is a good business for farmers, because after 6-7 years they can earn money and sell the energy to the local electricity utility.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br /><object width="640" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/N3CuVoCoQjw&hl=de_DE&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></object><div style="text-align: center;"><object width="640" height="385"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/N3CuVoCoQjw&hl=de_DE&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="640" height="385"></embed></object>Video 1. Clean Energy in Thisted<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The electricity utilities and companies in the area have set specific goals for reduction in carbon emissions. Now, the municipality is actively encouraging its citizens, e.g. through the association Energiske Thyboer. The association involves citizens, urges them to work on local renewable energy initiatives. The example is involved in building a biogas plant together with a local farmer or shared heating plant which serves several households. Everyone is welcome to attend citizens meeting and can be involved in developing ideas for new energy solutions by joining working groups. The municipality is providing technical and financial consultancy, and close tabs are being kept on projects to help ensure many of them could take benefit from the result obtained.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Vision</span><br />Vision of Thisted Municipality are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>become a carbon-neutral pioneer with an international reputation for inducing carbon emission.</li><li>By new supply energy initiatives, they can take care the environment and create more jobs through energy-based development based on municipality existing commercial activities.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Way to Achieve the Goal</span><br />They want to achieve the goal by:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>a holistic strategy incorporating an overall plan for water, heat and electricity, energy labeling of all public buildings, as well as an overall plan for the operation of collective transport.</li><li>The Danish government planed to build a new national test centre for 250 meter-high marine wind turbines in Thisted on September 2009.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Appreciation Thisted Kommune. <a href="http://www.eurosolar.de/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=1">http://www.eurosolar.de/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=1</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>46,000 Residents in Thisted Municipality in Thy, Denmark are Leading the Field - 100% Renewable. <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/Bertel_Bolt/thisted-municipality-1747720">http://www.slideshare.net/Bertel_Bolt/thisted-municipality-1747720</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Case: Thisted municipality: an energetic rural community. <a href="http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Business-Lounge/Focus-Denmark/Articles/Case-Thisted+municipality-an+energetic-rural-community.htm">http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Business-Lounge/Focus-Denmark/Articles/Case-Thisted+municipality-an+energetic-rural-community.htm</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Solar prize for Thisted municipality. <a href="http://www.folkecenter.net/gb/news/world/thisted_solar/">http://www.folkecenter.net/gb/news/world/thisted_solar/</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Thisted Municipality is Proud to be Sustainable. <a href="http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/?p=6606">http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/?p=6606</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Thisted has more than 250 wind turbines as part of the municipality's renewable energy scheme. <a href="http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org/inspirational/welcome-to-cold-hawaii">http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org/inspirational/welcome-to-cold-hawaii</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>The Municipality of Thisted, Denmark. <a href="http://www.thisted.dk/upload/kommunaldirektorensstabe/pdf/erurosolar_uk.pdf">http://www.thisted.dk/upload/kommunaldirektorensstabe/pdf/erurosolar_uk.pdf</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Thisted Municipality, a climate friendly region. <a href="http://vimeo.com/1754867?pg=embed&sec=1754867">http://vimeo.com/1754867?pg=embed&sec=1754867</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Thisted Municipality: Clean Energy - Clean Nature. <a href="http://climate.thisted.dk/wp-content/uploads/thisted-municipality-climate-friendly-region.ppt">http://climate.thisted.dk/wp-content/uploads/thisted-municipality-climate-friendly-region.ppt</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Thisted Kommune. <a href="http://www.thisted.dk/">http://www.thisted.dk/</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>Thisted Municipality. <a href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Thisted_municipality">http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Thisted_municipality</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.<br /></li><li>Thisted: Almost 100% Sustainable Energy Sources. <a href="http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/thisted-almost-100-sustainable-energy-sources">http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/thisted-almost-100-sustainable-energy-sources</a>. Accessed January 5, 2010.</li><li>Region Nordjylland. <a href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Region_Nordjylland">http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Region_Nordjylland</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.<br /></li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-53179850561310575752010-04-02T10:07:00.000-07:002010-05-23T07:00:55.137-07:00Goms, Energy Region in the Swiss Alps<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Goms Region, renewable energy in Goms Region.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br />The Goms Region is located in the high valley and in a sheltered position between the Grimsel, Nufenen and Furka passes, and the stepped valley at Grengiols (Figure 1). This region has area of 650 km<sup>2</sup> with inhabitants live inside 5,261 people (according to the census in the year 2000).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> There are 16 autonomous political municipalities. Three of the municipalities have population less than 100 people. The biggest municipality is Fiesch with inhabitants more than 1000 people. Ratio of increasing population in the Goms Region during the year 1999 and 2000 is around 5.3%.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S8UjYpVZvLI/AAAAAAAAAeo/FSFE2T_NZi4/s1600/Goms+Region.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 288px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S8UjYpVZvLI/AAAAAAAAAeo/FSFE2T_NZi4/s400/Goms+Region.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5459809029576047794" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Goms Region in the Swiss Alps<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][3]<br /></sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Leading Industry of Tourism</span> <div style="text-align: justify;">The share capital of Goms tourist region are especially intact natural and cultural landscape and also many valuable work of arts (more than 100 churches and chapels). A third of the surface region includes a nature reserve.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> In the year 2007/2008, there were 1.1 million overnight stays, half of them are in summer.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Today, there are 1.2 million overnight stays registered.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The First Energy Region in the Swiss Alps</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Since 2007, Goms hat set an aim to be the first energy region in the Swiss Alps. Goms intends to supply the majority of its energy consumption from biomass, sun, wind, water, and geothermal energy by the year 2030. UnternehmenGOMS has overall responsibility for the project management, with an energy concept and its communications.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">UnternehmenGOMS</span><br />This association was established on January 1st, 2007 in Munster. The association goes itself as an organizational unit of the GOMS energy region. The initiator hat set the goal of contributing to sustainable regional development of Goms. The focus is to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Aims</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"> and Vision</span><br />The aim is to cover the required energy with renewable energy. The Goms region should be a model in how to deal with sustainable and environment and can enhance the local economy for other rural, mountainous region at inland and abroad. The vision is for designing and implementing projects in practice.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Consumption</span><br />The current amounts of energy consumption in Goms is nearly 152 GWh/year. The consumption of various energy sources can be viewed in Table 1.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Total Energy Consumption<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9cmFKQVxLI/AAAAAAAAAj4/Dp7c0k7yWqg/s1600/Total+Energy+Consumption+in+Goms+Region.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 115px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9cmFKQVxLI/AAAAAAAAAj4/Dp7c0k7yWqg/s400/Total+Energy+Consumption+in+Goms+Region.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464878542931477682" border="0" /></a></div><br /><ul><li>Heat: heat consumption is 101 GWh, which 85 GWh (16 MWh per capita per year) is consumed for air conditioners and hot water of residential units. Most of heat consumption comes from fossil fuels (46%) and electricity (35%). The rest comes from wood energy of the region. Tourism related objects (hotels, vacation rentals, and apartment) are the majority consumer of heat (Figure 2). Characteristics of the existing homes of vacation guest are 40% of them were built in the year 1970 and have a high number of electric heating.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9cBboQbvGI/AAAAAAAAAjg/ypamfdS3M4k/s1600/Energy+Consumption+Goms+Region.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 227px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9cBboQbvGI/AAAAAAAAAjg/ypamfdS3M4k/s400/Energy+Consumption+Goms+Region.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464838247011826786" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Heat Consumption per Sector in Goms Region<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><ul><li>Electricity: electricity in Goms Region is used for light, heat production, as mechanical energy, or for mobility. The electricity consumption in 2008 was around 59 GWh. Two third of electrical consumption is used to heat homes and produce hot water (Figure 3).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9cclN5fvCI/AAAAAAAAAjo/GDusK9V3Nx8/s1600/Electricity+Consumption+of+Goms+Region.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 227px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9cclN5fvCI/AAAAAAAAAjo/GDusK9V3Nx8/s400/Electricity+Consumption+of+Goms+Region.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464868098548939810" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Electricity Consumption in Goms Region<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><ul><li>Mobility: the energy consumption of mobility (public and private transport) is about 30 GWh. The low number of this consumption is due to the principle of territoriality. This principle accounts only trips within Goms, the energy balance in the flight- and transit traffic and the trips outside Goms are not included.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Utilization of Renewable Energy</span><br />The exiting renewable energy sources are water, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, and various type of wastes. Currently, the potential of hydropower is mainly used to produce electricity, while other fuels have been used in modest ground. Goms Region has 13 hydropower plants with annual electricity production are around 520 GWh. The installed capacity of the four largest is about 150 MW. These plants produce electricity together about 500 GWh/year. The utilization of renewable energy at the present time can be viewed in Table 2.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 2. Today Utilization in Goms Region<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9g32h_El5I/AAAAAAAAAkA/-uEDnY4QnW8/s1600/Today+Utilization+of+Goms+Region.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 269px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9g32h_El5I/AAAAAAAAAkA/-uEDnY4QnW8/s400/Today+Utilization+of+Goms+Region.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465179557789472658" border="0" /></a></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br />There are three main programs which are still ongoing, have been completed, and in study progress in the Goms Region. They are energy production, energy efficiency, and awareness raising. Each of those have various sub projects. Energy production consists of Alps sun, wood chips, hot water from the Furka Tunnel, pilot plant of universal turbine, biogas plants, and wood pellets. Energy efficiency is included support programs for efficiency household appliances, building management, and mobility. Awareness raising program contains energy days in the schools, Gletsch water forum, and voluntary work. Status of each project can be viewed in Table 3.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 3. Status of the projects<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9hKFpn-IgI/AAAAAAAAAkI/FsA_NlgWvz4/s1600/Projects+Status.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 379px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9hKFpn-IgI/AAAAAAAAAkI/FsA_NlgWvz4/s400/Projects+Status.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465199608747401730" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Energy Weeks</span><br />During the school year of 2008 and 2009, kinder and teenagers in Fiesch and Münster Schools worked on the projects of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Those projects were presented on May 15th, 2009 and June 25th, 2009 in a public energy festival in front of their parents, local population, and the holiday guest. The occasion was success, 400 people were attended the festival. This energy week also met with interest.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">PV</span><br />In 2008 a feasibility study for the construction and operation of 16 photovoltaic systems in the largest roof has been compiled. The Mountain Aid has supported the study cost. In 2010 the largest PV plant would have been operated in the Canton Valais in the holiday village of Fiesch and Geschinen. The electricity is sold to the solar power exchange Zurich. It is planned to sell the electricity in Goms in the future.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Wood Storage and Wood Pulp Composite</span><br />The common goals is to build a wood-chip interconnection with Gommer forest district. The woodchip network offers the operators a secure and high quality of wood chips from the region. The wood chips are planned to be a central and to cover wood storage stored and dried. The network is also responsible for the delivery of large quantities of wood chips.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Electric Car</span><br />In October 30th, 2008 the project of Leisure- and Tourism Mobility in the San Gottardo Region has been launched. The project if funded by three institutions; Regio San Gottardo, Oberhasli Power Plants AG, and energieregionGOMS. In sommer 2010 a rental- and test drive system for tourists, holiday guests, and people interested on E-mobile on the Grimsell Pass will be offered. In the following years an extensive e-net will be built around the Gotthard, where people can explore the unique landscape passed by electric car. In Switzerland, this project had a great interest.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Energy Efficiency Household Appliances</span><br />In July 2009, the region has won a "Golden Caesar". With 10,000 SFr the project of Golden Caesar has been started. The aim is to reduce the energy consumption of the households in Goms. Price of some appliances which have the highest energy efficiency are subsidized by15% of the purchase price (maximum price is 250 Francs). The region cooperated together with <span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Wir arbeiten in diesem Projekt mit www.topten.ch zusammen."><a href="http://www.topten.ch./">http://www.topten.ch./</a> to work on this project</span></span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Building Program</span><br />Building program is a focus activity in 2010. In November 21st, 2009 this program has been launched in Goms. There were around 80 people present in Münster. This program has been started by energy consultant which has worked for 12 owners in the building energy in Goms. Each year around 300 million CHF will be invested in building renovation.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Energy Concept</span><br /><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Das Konzept analysiert die aktuelle Energiesituation im Goms, beschreibt Möglichkeiten und Wege zur Realisierung der Vision "energieregionGOMS" und erläutert die mit der Verwirklichung der Vision verbundenen Auswirkungen.">The approach analyzes the current energy situation in Goms, describes ways and means to realize the vision of "energieregionGOMS" and explains with the realization of the vision-related effects. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Das Regionale Energiekonzept dient als zentrale Entscheidungsgrundlage für die Realisierung von Projekten in der energieregionGOMS.">The Regional Energy serves as the central decision-making for the realization of projects in energieregionGOMS. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Das Projekt wurde vom Amt für Raumentwicklung (ARE), Bundesamt für Energie (BFE) und Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) finanziert.">The project was financed by the Office for Spatial Development (ARE), Swiss Federal Office of Energy (BFE) and Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)</span></span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Position of the Projects</span><br />Six programs of renewable energy projects are defined, whether they are in priority, in the medium term important, long-term focus, or still no activity planned. The programs defined are renewable energy and energy efficiency. Details position of each programs can be viewed in Table 4.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]<br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: center;">Table 4. Project Development of six programs<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9X6XQeXExI/AAAAAAAAAjY/F1HES4B00Es/s1600/Project+Development+of+Six+Programs.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 291px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9X6XQeXExI/AAAAAAAAAjY/F1HES4B00Es/s400/Project+Development+of+Six+Programs.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464549000350208786" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Networks</span><br />UnternehmenGOMS hat invested time and works in the first year to construct a networks. The partners are from inside and outside the region. They are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><ul><li>Federal Government: ARE - Federal Office for Spatial Development,BFE - Federal Office for Energy,BLW - Federal Office for Agriculture,SECO - State Secretariat for Economic Affairs</li><li>Canton Wallis: Department for Energy and Hydropower, Department for Economic Development</li><li>Professional and Scientific: SwissEnergy - Media Partner, EnergyBiomass,WSL - Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape, EBP - Ernst Basler + Partner<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul><li>Auf dem Weg zur ersten Energie Region der Schweizer Alpen. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/ARE_Ausschreibung_07_2307_def.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/ARE_Ausschreibung_07_2307_def.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Medieninformation: Erste Energieregion der Schweizer Alpen. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Energieregion_Medieninfo_Goms.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Energieregion_Medieninfo_Goms.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Statement BFE zu Projekt Energieregion Goms. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Energieregion_Statement_BFE_Goms.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Energieregion_Statement_BFE_Goms.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Goms auf dem Weg zur ersten Energieregion der Schweizer Alpen. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Antrag_Alpensonne_Marz08.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Antrag_Alpensonne_Marz08.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Solarkraftwerke energieregionGOMS: Bericht zur Machbarkeitsstudie. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Bericht_Machbarkeit_Solar.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Bericht_Machbarkeit_Solar.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Förderung der Energieholzproduktion und nutzung im Goms. Regionaler Holzschnitzelverbund: Vom Holzlieferant zum Biomassedienstleister. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Antrag_Holzschnitzelfeuerungslagen.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Antrag_Holzschnitzelfeuerungslagen.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Warmwassernutzung aus dem Furkatunnel. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_KlausNanzer.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_KlausNanzer.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Reglement zur Nutzung des Tunnelwassers. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_Relgement.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_Relgement.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Furkatunnel-Wärme für die Stuben von Oberwald. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_LeoArnold.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_LeoArnold.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Furkatunnel Presseartikel. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_Presseartikel.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_Presseartikel.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Pressebericht: Infrastruktur 1990 - 1992. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_Vorprojekt.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_Vorprojekt.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Tunnelwärme in der Schweiz: Geothermisches Potenzial der Schweizer Tunnels. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_TunnelsSchweiz.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Furkatunnel_TunnelsSchweiz.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Universalturbine P2E für Wasserversorgungen. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Universalturbine_flyer.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Universalturbine_flyer.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Biogasanlage als Katalysator für die erste Energieregion der Schweizer Alpen. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Biogasanlage_Goms_SBer_071221.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Biogasanlage_Goms_SBer_071221.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Das Gebäudeprogramm: Eine Chance für die Gommer? <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/9_DasGebaeudeprogramm.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/9_DasGebaeudeprogramm.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Erfahrungen aus der Praxis: Fenster. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/10_Minergie%20Fenster.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/10_Minergie%20Fenster.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13th, 2010.</li><li>Gebäudeprogramm. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/11_MonteRosa.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/11_MonteRosa.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Gebäudesanierung aus der Praxis: Wie und Was ist zu sanieren? <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/12_WieSanieren.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/12_WieSanieren.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>EnergieregionGOMS: Eigenheim und Ferienhäuser energetisch sanieren. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/1_Gebaeudeprogramm.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/1_Gebaeudeprogramm.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Auswertung der Gebäudeenergieausweise Erfahrungen aus der Praxis. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/2_Gebaeudeenergieausweis.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/2_Gebaeudeenergieausweis.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Fördermittel für die Sanierung von Eigenheimen und Ferienhäusern: Dienststelle für Energie und Wasserkraft. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/3_Foerdermittel.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/3_Foerdermittel.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Gebäudesanierung als Chance für die Regionalwirtschaft im Goms. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/4_Ferienwohnungen.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/4_Ferienwohnungen.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Wärmedämmung bei Neu- und Umbauten von typischen Walliser Häusern - Erfahrungen aus der Praxis: Wie Feuchtigkeit draussen und Wärme drinnen bleibt! <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/5_Neu-Umbau_Goms3.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/5_Neu-Umbau_Goms3.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Planen einer Solaranlage im Goms. Tipps aus dem Alltag. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/6_Solaranlagen.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/6_Solaranlagen.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Gebäudeprogramm: Eigenheim und Ferienhäuser im Goms energetisch sanieren. Typische Schwachpunkte und Problemstellungen bei Gebäudehüllen. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/7_Probleme_Gebaeude.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/7_Probleme_Gebaeude.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Energieeffiziente Gebäude sichtbar machen! <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/8_Raiffeisen_Pavatex.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Gebaeude/8_Raiffeisen_Pavatex.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Freizeit- und Tourismusmobilität in der Region San Gottardo. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Mobilitaet_Handout.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Mobilitaet_Handout.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Das Elektroauto erobert die Alpen! <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Mobilitaet_Elektroauto.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Mobilitaet_Elektroauto.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Infoblatt 2 - vom 13. September 2008. Veranstaltung: “Programm Alpensonne“. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/info_2_08.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/info_2_08.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol><li>Media Information 2009. <a href="http://www.goms.ch/medien/mediainformation-english.pdf">http://www.goms.ch/medien/mediainformation-english.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.<br /></li><li>EnergieregionGOMS Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Das Goms: auf dem Weg zur ersten Energieregion der Schweizer Alpen. Integriertes Energiekonzept für die ländliche Regionalentwicklung. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Energiekonzept_GOMS_2009.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/Energiekonzept_GOMS_2009.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Goms: the First Energy Region in the Swiss Alps. <a href="http://www.ebp.ch/en/geschaeftsbereiche/ressourcenklimaschutz/aktuell/goms-first-energy-region-swiss-alps.html">http://www.ebp.ch/en/geschaeftsbereiche/ressourcenklimaschutz/aktuell/goms-first-energy-region-swiss-alps.html</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.<br /></li><li>Infoblatt 1 - vom 3 August 2008. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/info_1_08.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/info_1_08.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li><li>Infoblatt 3 - vom 15. Januar 2010: Jahresrückblick 2009. <a href="http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/info_3_10.pdf">http://www.unternehmengoms.ch/PDF_Dossiers/info_3_10.pdf</a>. Accessed April 13, 2010.</li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-80917031117764006262010-04-02T09:39:00.000-07:002010-06-13T06:44:00.521-07:00Frýdlant Microregion, Czech Republic<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"><span>Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Frýdlant Microregion, renewable energy in Frýdlant Microregion.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Frýdlant microregion lies in northernmost part of the Czech Republic by the border with Poland and close to the border with Germany, it is a part of Liberec region (Figure 1) and also a part of the cross-border Nisa-Nysa-Neisse Euro region. The region comprises 4 towns and 14 municipalities; the total area is approximately 349 km<sup>2</sup> and has approximately 24,300 inhabitants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAWXXKeCk7I/AAAAAAAAA1w/VMn5m4O5lpE/s1600/Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 284px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAWXXKeCk7I/AAAAAAAAA1w/VMn5m4O5lpE/s400/Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477950945969214386" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Location of Frýdlant Microregion in Czech Repuclic<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Frýdlant Microregion is an economically underdeveloped region. This is caused by problematic accessibility towards mainland (separated by a mountain ridge of Jizerské mountains), bad shape of technological infrastructure, historically grounded inadequate structure of agriculture, forestry, wood-processing industry and recession influenced textile industry, relatively low level of education and social stability of population. The micro region has the highest unemployment rate in Liberec region (approx. 20%).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Consumption</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The total energy consumption in the area is 1,367,749 GJ (which is 379,930 MWh, based on data of the year 2001). 24% of this sum is electricity mostly imported from outside the region. The biggest share in current energy consumption is brown coal with 43% of total sum or nearly 60% of consumption excluding electricity (heating etc.). The largest consumer of brown coal is a company which uses 239,598 GJ (23%) of powdered brown coal. Share of renewable energy is less than 5%. Biomass has a major share with 53,100 GJ (Figure 2).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAVqhYhjnsI/AAAAAAAAA1g/iYN78u_E4Sw/s1600/energy+consumption.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 383px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAVqhYhjnsI/AAAAAAAAA1g/iYN78u_E4Sw/s400/energy+consumption.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477901643517501122" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Energy Consumption<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Focus on Renewable Energy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The focus on renewable energy technology to be used in the region are biomass for heating and wind power for electricity.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Target</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The target of renewable energy development are to be 100% energy self-sufficiency, this self-sufficiency can be reached in four municipalities forming SeCeSe microregion.</li><li>Increasing the level of self-sufficiency by 48% in 2020.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Czech Energy Agency (CEA)</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is an official national energy agency responsible for management of the State program for promotion of rational use of energy (RUE) and renewable energy sources (RES) in the Czech Republic.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Integrated Energy Plan of the Frýdlant Microregion</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Aim</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The primary aim of the project was to support local administration of the Frýdlant microregion in regional planning for promotion of Rational Use of Energy (RUE) and Renewable Energy Sources (RES).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Process</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Key target groups took part in the development of the proposal.</li><li>Municipalities as regional key stakeholders in the region were identified.</li><li>The Czech Energy Agency (CEA) was involved as a co-financier and had an important role in disseminating through presenting and distributing the outcomes of the action via its countrywide network of energy consultancy and information centres (EKIS).</li><li>The State Environmental Fund had a role to support of the implementation of identified pilot RES projects.</li><li>Steering committee was created to discuss with the project team major steps, to review the draft project results, and to participate in the dissemination activities (workshops and seminar).</li><li>ENVIROS s.r.o. as the coordinator worked close together with Power Service from Liberec.</li><li>IHKGesellschaft from Berlin and LandesEnergieVerein Steiermark (external consultant) transferred know-how about financial, technical and organizational issues. </li><li>The Mayor tried to persuade other neighbor communities to do similar work and to cooperate with the organizations of higher level (superior region administration and Czech Energy Agency) by the help of external consultants (financed through the project).</li><li>Many meetings had a lot of discussions. Within the meetings with the Austrian partner, it is decided to not only to speak or deliver papers about involving process, but to give a graspable tool to start local awareness campaign.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Parties Involved</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Target groups: the Association of municipalities of the “Frydlant microregion”, the individual in municipalities, the authorities of the Liberec region, end users, the Neisse-Nisa-Nysa Euroregion authorities.</li><li>Key stakeholders: : agriculture farms, forestry firms, public and commercial services, local industrial sector, NGOs, financiers (banks), energy suppliers, households.</li><li>Steering Committee: the Regional Development Agency, the Czech Energy Agency (CEA), and the State Environmental Fund.</li><li>Partners: ENVIROS s.r.o., IHKGesellschaft from Berlin and LandesEnergieVerein Steiermark.<br /></li><li>The Mayor.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Awareness Campaign</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>An exhibition about causality of energy and climate and the role of schools, created by LandesEnergieVerein in cooperation with Klimabündnis (in German, but was translated into Czech).</li><li>Interactive parts in the workshops which show how to involve other actors, when further meeting within the region would be carried out.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Finance</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The total costs of the project was about 200 kEuro, 49% was a contribution from the EU Community. 33% of the funding was for Czech partners and 51% for partners from Germany and Austria.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Results</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>A small biomass district heating system a capacity of 350 kW and two windmills with capacity of 600 kW were installed in May 2003 (Figure 3).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAVrAFkZNoI/AAAAAAAAA1o/PFvHLrUsCnI/s1600/wind+mills.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAVrAFkZNoI/AAAAAAAAA1o/PFvHLrUsCnI/s400/wind+mills.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477902171005073026" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Wind mills<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The action plans: identification of concrete measures and projects to be implemented; recommendation to be focused on organizational measures, creating infrastructure and instruments like energy consulting, awareness campaigns, education and trainings to reach the goals of self-sufficiency in using renewable energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Status</span><br />The project was completed, a poster was produced in Czech and English (Figure 4).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAdcELI8a5I/AAAAAAAAA14/PFHFsKPe00w/s1600/poster+of+completed+project.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 235px; height: 400px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAdcELI8a5I/AAAAAAAAA14/PFHFsKPe00w/s400/poster+of+completed+project.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478448698499034002" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Poster of a completed project<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Lesson Learned</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Experiences from the region:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The municipalities themselves should be involved in an implementation process.</li><li>It might be easy to transfer technology but hard to transfer instruments for such a process.<br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">Energy and development planning is a very complex process, where a lot of measures and activities go on parallel. Energy management therefore need to have an overview of the whole of one's territory in terms of energy and the environment, the knowledge to identify ways of achieving significant improvement of the energy situation with regard to consumption, production and distribution and the means to measure the energy and environmental impact of one's policies, and to monitor the situation over time.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Mikroregion Frýdlantsko-Beskydy. <a href="http://www.beskydy-obce.cz/">http://www.beskydy-obce.cz/</a>. Accessed June 01, 2010.</li><li>Minutes of the Kick-off Meeting of the Save II Project "Integrated Energy Plan of the Frydlant Microregion". <a href="http://www.enviros.cz/SAVE-Frydlant/meeting1.html">http://www.enviros.cz/SAVE-Frydlant/meeting1.html</a>. Accessed June 01, 2010.</li><li>Good Practice Case Study: Integrated Energy Plan of the Frydlant Microregion - Czech Republic. <a href="http://www.managenergy.net/products/R684.htm">http://www.managenergy.net/products/R684.htm</a>. Accessed August 24, 2009.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Integrated Energy Plan of the Frýdlant Microregion. <a href="http://www.managenergy.net/download/nr138.pdf">http://www.managenergy.net/download/nr138.pdf</a>. Accessed August 24, 2009.</li><li>Czech Republic Map. <a href="http://www.a-1hotels.com/cz/assets/images/CzechRepublicMap.gif">http://www.a-1hotels.com/cz/assets/images/CzechRepublicMap.gif</a>. Accessed June 01, 2010.</li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-36890894358581323462010-04-02T09:36:00.000-07:002010-06-24T04:19:17.625-07:00Dubai's Self Sufficient Ecotopia<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Dubai's self sufficient Ecotopia.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Food City</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">February 2009, the Dubai Chamber of Commerce authorized the development of "free zone" dubbed Food City (Figure 1 and 2). GCLA<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup>, a green landscape architect firm, proposed a master plan for the city sector turn it into an off-the-grid, self sufficient metropolis. GCLA's future-forward urban quarter incorporates an extensive list of sustainable urban planning ideas: vertically stacked landscape surfaces, artificial roof landscapes, renewable energy systems (Figure 3), aquatic farms, and thermal conditioning.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cz2pKDDBI/AAAAAAAAAbQ/FVe-p3dtkvI/s1600/dubaifoodcity-ed02-Gallery.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 223px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cz2pKDDBI/AAAAAAAAAbQ/FVe-p3dtkvI/s400/dubaifoodcity-ed02-Gallery.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455886487436594194" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. "Free Zone" dubbed Food City (view from the top)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7c2X7WBevI/AAAAAAAAAbY/LKwMEi_EgGw/s1600/dubaifoodcity-ed04-Gallery.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 162px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7c2X7WBevI/AAAAAAAAAbY/LKwMEi_EgGw/s400/dubaifoodcity-ed04-Gallery.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455889258277599986" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. "Free Zone" dubbed Food City (view from the side)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7c3f_4PzWI/AAAAAAAAAbg/B9FDMKJwiLM/s1600/dubaifoodcity-ed03-Gallery.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 299px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7c3f_4PzWI/AAAAAAAAAbg/B9FDMKJwiLM/s400/dubaifoodcity-ed03-Gallery.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455890496445468002" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Vertically stacked landscape surfaces, artificial roof landscapes, renewable energy systems<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">GCLA has described their proposal for Food City as "the marriage of landscape and urbanism"(Figure 2). Their project integrates a variety of proposals to decrease energy overall use - concentrated solar collectors, towers covered in thin-film photovoltaic cells (Figure 3), piezoelectric pads in pedestrian areas, and methane harvesting through sewage percolation tanks.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cyV9SBhRI/AAAAAAAAAbI/bNF6Dc2orrw/s1600/dubaifoodcity-ed01.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 317px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cyV9SBhRI/AAAAAAAAAbI/bNF6Dc2orrw/s400/dubaifoodcity-ed01.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455884826391446802" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. The Marriage of Landscape and Urbanism<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cvqCIFD5I/AAAAAAAAAbA/vPvr97oNuIQ/s1600/dubaifoodcity-ed05.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 328px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7cvqCIFD5I/AAAAAAAAAbA/vPvr97oNuIQ/s400/dubaifoodcity-ed05.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455881872754413458" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Towers Covered in Thin-Film Photovoltaics Cells<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">GCLA also proposes water conservation measures critical to off-the-grid survival in water-starved Dubai, like atmospheric water harvesting, solar desalination through concentrated solar collectors, grey water recycling, and application of hydroponic sand to minimize water loss.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Concept of Food City</span><br />Food City concept was driven by the following ideas:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Inverted landscape</span> where the roof of the entire development was created as an artificial landscape formation of sweeping topography that becomes a continuous agricultural mat for the planting of traditional multiculture oasis plants, public park, and also the grazing of livestock.<br /></li><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Layered landscape</span> where the landscape is multiplied many times through the creation of vertically stacked landscape surfaces resulting in overall green area exceeding of undeveloped site.<br /></li><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Carbon surplus</span> off the grid where all systems relating to water, energy, and matter are dealt with on-site through renewable means and release surpluses to export from the site. This includes solar, wind, bio-fuels, methane, and kinetic energy.<br /></li><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Iconic vertical</span> farm creation of 3o storey vertical farm capable to produce enough organic food for a population of 50,000 inhabitants within the development boundaries and including a beam-down concentrated solar array for energy generation and desalination.<br /></li><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Aquatic farms</span> for cultivating, harvesting, and research of fish and pearl oyster species of the Arabian Gulf created in the seafront and accessible from the public beaches.<br /></li><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Thermal conditioning</span> using shade, water, wind corridors and natural phenomena like ground-source cooling to create comfortable exterior environment at all times every year.<br /></li><li><span style="font-style: italic;">Zero waste city</span> where the key systems cycles keep under control sustainability (energy, water, and matter) were designed as fully circular systems ensuring no imports or exports of waste.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Green Concepts Landscape Architects (GCLA). <a href="http://www.gcla-international.com/">http://www.gcla-international.com/</a>. Accessed April 2, 2010.</li><li>Food City: Dubai's Self Sufficient Ecotopia. <a href="http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/05/13/a-utopian-vision-for-food-city-dubai/">http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/05/13/a-utopian-vision-for-food-city-dubai/</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.<br /></li><li>Food City. <a href="http://www.gcla-international.com/foodcity.html">http://www.gcla-international.com/foodcity.html</a>. Accessed April 2, 2010.</li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-39630526969789785692010-04-02T09:20:00.000-07:002010-06-23T09:12:59.520-07:00Dongtan Eco-city, China<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Dongtan Eco-city.<br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.dongtan.cn/">Dongtan</a><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> was a plan for a new eco-city in the island of Chongming, Shanghai, China. The meaning of Dongtan is "East Beach".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The location stands in the middle of the marshes at the eastern tip of Chongming, China's largest third island, at the mouth of Yangtse River (Figure 1).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> It will be a city of three villages which meet to form a new city centre.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7ikRLAOwbI/AAAAAAAAAdA/jggv38LWbrY/s1600/Dongtan.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 190px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7ikRLAOwbI/AAAAAAAAAdA/jggv38LWbrY/s400/Dongtan.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456291563477844402" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Dongtan Eco-city at the mouth of Yangtse River<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reason of Executing the Project</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The reason of creating this eco-city is due to China rapid growing population.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> Dongtan was planned to be occupied by 5,000 people in 2010. In 2020, it will accommodate a population up to 80,000 people. In 2050, the city will be one-third the size of Manhattan and planned to be occupied by 500,000 people.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> The detail planning on how the city will be expanded to accommodate increased number of residents can be viewed in <a href="http://www.iaacblog.com/emergentcities/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ds1_dongtan_matrix_mariapapaloizou.pdf">Dongtan matrix scales</a>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Project Contract</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The contract for the project was awarded to the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) in 2001.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> <a href="http://www.arup.com/">Arup</a><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> (The British Engineering Consultancy Firm) is appointed to design Dongtan. This firm aimed to transfer Dongtan into green city.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> Arup, which has been working in China for the past 20 years, contributed to the construction of amenities for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. To demonstrate the political significance of the Dongtan scheme, the contract was signed in November at 10 Downing Street in the presence of the British prime minister, Tony Blair, and the visiting Chinese president, Hu Jintao.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> SIIC and Arup have been joined by HSBC and Sustainable Development Capital LLP (SDCL) in a long term strategic partnership to develop the commercial and financing strategy for Dongtan and other eco-cities in China.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> According to Arup, the construction would be started in 2008.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> Up to now, no construction has taken place yet. The project has fallen behind the schedule.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Concept</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The most original feature of Dongtan is its eco-friendly design.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> This green city will have minimal negative impact on the environment.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> It will have an ecological footprint (the total area of land required to sustain an individual) of two hectares per person.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3] </sup> The whole concept of Dongtan Eco-city can be viewed in <a href="http://www.iaacblog.com/emergentcities/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ds1_dongtan-eco-city_mariapapaloizou.pdf">Dongtan Eco-city</a>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/I-nCBFeTcMk&hl=de_DE&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/I-nCBFeTcMk&hl=de_DE&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Video 1. Dongtan Flyover<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The delicate nature of the Dongtan wetlands close to the site has been one driving factors of the city design.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> The location which is surrounded by miles of wetland, vital for birds migrating between Australia and Siberia.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> The plan is to protect and enhance the existing wetlands by returning agricultural land to a wetland state creating a 'buffer zone' between the city and the mudflats. The buffer zone will be 3.5 meter wide, at its narrowest point.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7iupe9AD8I/AAAAAAAAAdI/D4Bshy3DCUg/s1600/2137_Dongtan385.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 385px; height: 340px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7iupe9AD8I/AAAAAAAAAdI/D4Bshy3DCUg/s400/2137_Dongtan385.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456302976266145730" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Dongtan Eco-city Masterplan<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The project will increase bio-diversity in Chongming Island. It will create a city which runs entirely on renewable energy for its building, infrastructure, and transportation. Dongtan will recover, reuse, recycle 90% of all waste in the city. The aim is to be a zero waste city.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> Organic waste is burned in an incinerator, catering for part of the town's electricity requirements. Other burners consume rice husks, which produce a lot of heat and are plentiful in China. On the outskirts giant windmills, driven by the sea breeze, produce electricity too. Each building is fitted with photovoltaic panels and its own smaller windmill.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]<br /><br /></sup></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7i0vDGM46I/AAAAAAAAAdQ/GVr0JdWEUow/s1600/0534dongtan.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7i0vDGM46I/AAAAAAAAAdQ/GVr0JdWEUow/s400/0534dongtan.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456309668937524130" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Artist's Rendering: Dongtan Eco-city in the future<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> </div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The building is more than eight storeys high. Turf and vegetation cover the roofs, a natural form of insulation that also recycles waste water. The town has six times more pedestrians. Pollution-free buses, powered by fuel cells, run between neighborhoods. An intranet service forecasts travel times and connects people who want to share the car. Small and lightweight vehicles that consume little energy and travel almost bumper-to-bumper, taking up little room on the roads has been designed also. It is determined to preserve the quality of its air, so motor vehicles must be carbon-neutral and the plans provide for the construction of hydrogen filling stations for fuel cells. Traditional motorbikes are forbidden, replaced by electric scooters or bicycle. The roads are laid out so that walking or cycling to work is quicker than driving.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> </div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Dongtan eco-city incorporates many traditional Chinese design features and combines them with a sustainable approach to modern living.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> This city will be compact, inspired by traditional Chinese towns in which water plays an important part. Social factors are essential. It will have a diverse population, affordable housing, at least 30,000 jobs on the spot, schools and a hospital, to ensure it is not dependent on Shanghai."<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup> However, the design team realises that it will have to overcome many obstacles before achieving its ideal. Individual behaviour may completely upset the plans. That is why it is needed a combination of rules, outreach and price incentives to educate the occupants and halt excessive consumption.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /></div> <ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Zero-Carbon Cities. <a href="http://archrecord.construction.com/tech/techFeatures/0703feature-1.asp">http://archrecord.construction.com/tech/techFeatures/0703feature-1.asp</a>. Accessed September 3, 2009.</li><li>Dongtan Eco City: Nachhaltigkeitswende in China? <a href="https://umho.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/umho/Lehre/Veranstaltungen/Vertiefungsfach_Umweltmanagement/Seminar_WS_08_09/Themen/WS_08-09_Seminar_05_Dongtan_Eco-City.pdf">https://umho.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/umho/Lehre/Veranstaltungen/Vertiefungsfach_Umweltmanagement/Seminar_WS_08_09/Themen/WS_08-09_Seminar_05_Dongtan_Eco-City.pdf</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Dongtan Eco-City, Shanghai. <a href="http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/8CFDEE1A-CC3E-EA1A-25FD80B2315B50FD.pdf">http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/8CFDEE1A-CC3E-EA1A-25FD80B2315B50FD.pdf</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Dongtan Eco-City: A Model of Sustainability? <a href="http://www.planetizen.com/node/42439">http://www.planetizen.com/node/42439</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Dongtan: The World's First Large-Scale Eco-City? <a href="http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/dongtan-the-world-s-first-large-scale-eco-city">http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/dongtan-the-world-s-first-large-scale-eco-city</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Dongtan: the Eco-City that never Was. <a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/7330/">http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/7330/</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.dongtan.cn/">http://www.dongtan.cn/</a>. Accessed April 3, 2009.<br /></li><li>Dongtan. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongtan">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongtan</a>. Accessed September 3, 2009.<br /></li><li>China to Build First Eco-City. <a href="http://english.cri.cn/811/2006/05/07/301@85444.htm">http://english.cri.cn/811/2006/05/07/301@85444.htm</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.<br /></li><li>Ultimate Eco-city: Arup Design and Masterplan Dongtan Eco-city in China. <a href="http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=2137">http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=2137</a>. Accessed September 3, 2009.<br /></li><li>Fly-over Dongtan EcoCity 2010, China. <a href="http://ecocity.wordpress.com/2008/02/01/fly-over-dongtan-ecocity-2010-china/">http://ecocity.wordpress.com/2008/02/01/fly-over-dongtan-ecocity-2010-china/</a>. Assessed September 3, 2009.<br /></li><li>Dongtan City. <a href="http://www.iaacblog.com/emergentcities/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ds1_dongtan_matrix_mariapapaloizou.pdf">http://www.iaacblog.com/emergentcities/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ds1_dongtan_matrix_mariapapaloizou.pdf</a>. Accessed September 3, 2009.</li><li>Official Homepage of ARUP. <a href="http://www.arup.com/">http://www.arup.com/</a>. Accessed April 3, 2009.</li><li>Dongtan City_China ARUP 2005-2010. <a href="http://www.iaacblog.com/emergentcities/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ds1_dongtan-eco-city_mariapapaloizou.pdf">http://www.iaacblog.com/emergentcities/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/ds1_dongtan-eco-city_mariapapaloizou.pdf</a>. Accessed September 3, 2009.<br /></li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-35811555291674289512010-04-02T08:16:00.000-07:002010-06-24T03:29:28.227-07:00Renewable Energy Regions and Municipalities, Germany<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Germany, renewable energy self sufficiency region in Germany</span>.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span><br />Federal republic of Germany is a country in Central Europe (Figure 1). It is bordered by (Figure 2):<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><ul><li>North: North Sea, Denmark, and Baltic Sea</li><li>East: Poland, Czech Republic</li><li>South: Austria, Switzerland</li><li>West: France,Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherland</li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S8l2RlqenpI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/Xs_ySJ0DNZ4/s1600/713px-EU-Germany.svg.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 337px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S8l2RlqenpI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/Xs_ySJ0DNZ4/s400/713px-EU-Germany.svg.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5461026067703570066" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Germany in Central Europe<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S8mNE-L-anI/AAAAAAAAAfY/X1ZQANay9Rk/s1600/map-of-germany.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 298px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S8mNE-L-anI/AAAAAAAAAfY/X1ZQANay9Rk/s400/map-of-germany.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5461051139715656306" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Border of Germany<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The territory of Germany is about 357,021 km<sup>2</sup> and is influenced by temperate seasonal climate. It is the largest population among the member states of the European Union and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Since 1997, Germany and the other states of the European Union have been working towards a target of 12% renewable energy electricity in 2010. That target has been achieved in 2007 when the share reached 14%. The share of renewable energy has increased from 6.3% in 2000 to 15% in 2008.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">1</sup> The German government increased the target for renewable energy to 27% by 2020 and at least 45% by 2030.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Regions and Municipalities</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are two institution published the list of 100% renewable energy regions and municipalities in Germany. They are deENet Kassel University and International Solar Energy Association, German Section (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V.).<br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">100% Renewable Energy Regions</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The University of Kassel and the non-profit society for the promotion of decentralized energy technology(deENet) conducted joint project "Prospect for development of sustainable 100% renewable energy regions in Germany" documented, analyzed, and rated regional activities in full supply with renewable energy and supported regional actors on the conversion of energy supply. There are 82 of 100% renewable energy regions and local authorities were interviewed. This interview utilized 54 questionnaires as the basis data for the following presented results. Some of those substantial results are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><ul><li>80% of regions in Germany have taken such political decision or they have planning to switch the energy to renewable. In many regions, political decision represents an important milestones on the way to 100% renewable energy. What is the role and the important of political decisions in the process of energy conversion and which advantages and disadvantages may be associated with it for each arrangement of decision, are still needed to be analyzed.</li><li>Distribution of renewable energy regions last year has a high dynamic growing. During 2005-2008 the number of decision to be 100% renewable energy regions increased up to 6 decisions per year (averagely).</li><li>Conflicts and political difference are not the first barriers in the development of objective concepts and decisions, but coordination or procurement of funds.<br /></li><li>The main motives for the conversion of energy supply on renewable energy are to increase regional added value, independence from fossil fuels, to contribute in sustainable regional development. One motive which is less significant but still important is to achieve climate change objectives.</li><li>Most regions start with conversion of energy supply to renewable energy. Almost half of the region interviewed were busy with concept development and planning or communication and public relations. <span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Diese beiden stehen nicht ausschließlich, aber">These are not exclusive, but </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses.">at least it is the tendency at the beginning of the implementation process.</span></span></li><li><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses.">It is moderately important for the conversion of the energy system on renewable energy for most regions to have their own municipal utilities and also own electricity and gas network.</span></span></li></ul><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses.">In the analysis, definition of 100% renewable energy regions used were:</span></span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><ul><li>regions who were first taken decision, in the next decade those regions have been sustainable and completely converted the energy to renewable; electricity, heat, and mobility only from renewable energy. This particularly includes the widest reduction of energy consumption through conservation and efficient use of energy. The energy should be environmental and health friendly. The energy should be from local sources and it boosts the local economy. The implementation of an energy conversion has wide support from regional actors and the development objectives in the minds of the region citizens are anchored.</li><li>regions who have have carried out implementation activities, measures, and programs to realize sustainable energy system; at least in the form of action concepts.</li><li>regions who on the state level have reached milestones on the path to sustainable renewable-energy region and have approached their goal already.<br /></li></ul><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses.">The change on energy in some regions are still in the beginning, therefore not all the criteria fulfilled by the region. The concrete classification of 100% renewable energy regions in this project are the regional objectives, activities, achievement., target and action level. Only regions which have sufficient data will be included in the list of 100% renewable energy regions</span></span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">4</sup><br /><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses."><br />There are 34 renewable energy regions and 10 renewable energy local authorities represented in the map. </span></span><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Weitere 46 Kommunen sind als Subregionen innerhalb der dargestellten Regionen nicht abgebildet.">Another 46 communities are not represented as sub-regions within the represented regions. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Die Gesamtfläche der in der Karte verzeichneten 100%-EE-Regionen nimmt 10% der Fläche Deutschlands ein, 6,9% der deutschen Bevölkerung (5,7 Mio. Einwohner) leben in diesen Regionen.">The total area of the map recorded in 100% renewable energy regions occupies 10% of Germany, 6.9% of the German population (5.7 million inhabitants) live in these regions. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Die 100%-EE-Regionen sind in ganz Deutschland verteilt, wobei eine gewisse Häufung in Südbayern festzustellen ist.">The 100% renewable energy regions are distributed all over Germany, with some accumulation is observed in southern Bavaria. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Im Saarland und in Thüringen sind bislang keine 100%-EE-Region identifiziert worden.">In Saarland and Thuringia have been no 100% renewable energy region identified.</span></span><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses."> List of 100% renewable energy regions and municipalities in Germany can be viewed in Table 1 - 3.</span></span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="zumindest tendenziell am Anfang des Umsetzungsprozesses."><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. 100% Regions in Germany<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7B7A3x4SpI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/YVgypcdS7U8/s1600/100%25+region.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 298px; height: 400px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7B7A3x4SpI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/YVgypcdS7U8/s400/100%25+region.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453994403649047186" border="0" /></a><br /></div>Table 2. 100% Municipalities in Germany<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7B73zX4j1I/AAAAAAAAAaA/ymIGNziom7A/s1600/100%25+Kommunen.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 144px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7B73zX4j1I/AAAAAAAAAaA/ymIGNziom7A/s400/100%25+Kommunen.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453995347359076178" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 3. 100% Municipalities and Regions inside Renewable Energy Regions<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7B8xutZv2I/AAAAAAAAAaI/T6V_tzAhRC0/s1600/100%25+Kommunen,+die+sich+innerhalb+einer+100%25+EE-Regionen+befinden.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 306px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7B8xutZv2I/AAAAAAAAAaI/T6V_tzAhRC0/s400/100%25+Kommunen,+die+sich+innerhalb+einer+100%25+EE-Regionen+befinden.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453996342539566946" border="0" /></a></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Energy Map</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 2009, there was a site launched by International Solar Energy Association, German Section (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V.). This site publised renewable energy states, cities, and districts in Germany. In the publication, they justified that in fact they did not know which regions have achieved 100% self sufficiency, the map will show how close regions are with 100% self sufficiency.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br />Data input used come from EEG reports and E.ON. In the presenting data, there are problems encountered with the data quality of the EEG reports, many systems are currently still associated with the wrong community. Especially in the Transpower-Area (E.ON), where only postal codes are published, a detailed regional allocation is not possible. Therefore, there are extreme distortion in many areas. Also hydro-power is not included into EEG reports, this results there is no hydro-power to be accounted in this list.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br />The states, cities, and districts are ranked into top ten based on rate of self sufficiency. Besides, inside the region there are municipalities and cities which have achieved also 100% self sufficiency. The date used is always renewed every year, due to that reason number chosen is the new one (28.03.2010). Top ten cities and districts can be viewed in Table 4.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 4. Top Ten Cities and Districts in Germany<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCMzXwiEX6I/AAAAAAAAA24/er2Kgcxm5V8/s1600/Die+Liste+von+der+Energiemap.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 305px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCMzXwiEX6I/AAAAAAAAA24/er2Kgcxm5V8/s400/Die+Liste+von+der+Energiemap.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5486285254325198754" border="0" /></a></div><br />Except 100% renewable energy regions, energy map also provides renewable energy regions which the rate below 100%. Details and type of renewable energy implemented are also available. In general, almost all regions in Germany are renewable energy regions, whatever is the rate of self-sufficient.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Main Success Factors</span><br />Success factor of renewable energy development in Germany is due to "Renewable Energy Act" implementation and Feed-in electricity tariffs. Renewable energy act states that people who produce energy in their own homes can sell their 'product' at fixed prices for a period of 20 years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> Feed-in tariffs supports the development of renewable energy. In 2005, 10% electricity came from renewable energy, 70% of them was supported by feed-in tariffs.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> The policy also set for people to buy energy generated from renewable resources first before buying from non-renewable resources.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ongoing Experiment "How Germany Can Power itself by Renewable Energy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Regarding the future target and the possibility to gain it, scientist from Kassel University gave a brief description how Germany can power itself entirely by renewable energy. In an ongoing experiment 'Combined Power Plant', they link 36 biogas plants, wind, solar and hydro power installation in a distributed network (Figure 2).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><object width="640" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/tR8gEMpzos4&border=1&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"></object><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><object width="640" height="385"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/tR8gEMpzos4&border=1&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="425" height="385"></embed></object><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Fully Renewable<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The test project is scaled to meet 1/10,000th of the electricity demand in Germany. This scale corresponds to the annual electricity requirements of a small town with around 12,000 households. Projections show Germany has enough domestic resources to scale up production of renewable and replace all fossil fuels and nuclear power (Figure 3). The scientist argued Germany can achieve full renewable based energy autonomy by mid of century.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S6nKzcagGgI/AAAAAAAAAY8/RIy8hvJ6Ae8/s1600/combinedpowerplant.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 217px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S6nKzcagGgI/AAAAAAAAAY8/RIy8hvJ6Ae8/s400/combinedpowerplant.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5452111809058183682" border="0" /></a>Figure 3. Combined Power Plant<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>How to run a city on renewable energy. <a href="http://www.energiepark-druiberg.de/presse/20090727_EuropeanEnergyReview.pdf">http://www.energiepark-druiberg.de/presse/20090727_EuropeanEnergyReview.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Who Is the Greenest? Germany’s Model Ecological Communities. <a href="http://www.goethe.de/ges/umw/pan/en4813839.htm">http://www.goethe.de/ges/umw/pan/en4813839.htm</a>. Accessed January 5, 2010.</li><li>Alheim. http://www.alheim.de/. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Alheim: die Gemeinde in der Pro Region Mittleres Fuldatal! <a href="http://www.contextplan-gmbh.de/cms_files/hsa_Vortrag_Luedtke_Erneuerbare_Energien.pdf">http://www.contextplan-gmbh.de/cms_files/hsa_Vortrag_Luedtke_Erneuerbare_Energien.pdf</a>. Accessed November 13, 2009.</li><li>Regionale Entwicklungskonzeption zur solaren Energienutzung im Weißeritzkreis und im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz "Solarregion vom Windberg bis zum Großen Winterberg". <a href="http://www.energietisch-altenberg.de/solarstudie.htm">http://www.energietisch-altenberg.de/solarstudie.htm</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>Das Bioenergiedorf Rai-Breitenbach. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf-odenwald.de/english/news/">http://www.bioenergiedorf-odenwald.de/english/news/</a>. Accessed August 25, 2009.</li><li>Energieregion Elbland. <a href="http://www.elbland-forum.de/projekte/energieregion-elbland/">http://www.elbland-forum.de/projekte/energieregion-elbland/</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>Das Emmental entdeckt seine eigenen Energien. „Erneuerbare Energien: wirtschaftliche Chance für Gemeinden und Regionen“. <a href="http://www.holzenergie-emmental.ch/pdf/referat_pusch_region_emmental.pdf">http://www.holzenergie-emmental.ch/pdf/referat_pusch_region_emmental.pdf</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>Gemeinde Freiamt. <a href="http://www.freiamt.de/erneuerbare_energien.php">http://www.freiamt.de/erneuerbare_energien.php</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Green Energy: Windmill Watching over Freiamt. <a href="http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/Green_Energy_Final.pdf">http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/Green_Energy_Final.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Freiamt: Handelsblatt. <a href="http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/Handelsblatt180607.pdf">http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/Handelsblatt180607.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7th, 2009.</li><li>Homepage vom "Verein zur Förderung der Windenergie in Freiamt". <a href="http://www.freiamt-windmuehlen.de/">http://www.freiamt-windmuehlen.de/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Die Energie-Gemeinde. <a href="http://www.schrotundkorn.de/2007/200705b10.html">http://www.schrotundkorn.de/2007/200705b10.html</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Wie die kleine Kommune Freiamt im südlichen Schwarzwald aufWind, Sonne, Holz undWasser setzt: „Des könne wir doch selber mache“. <a href="http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/NeuePresseCoburg.pdf">http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/NeuePresseCoburg.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>A model for real community energy self-sufficiency. <a href="http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/comment/story.html?id=02cc5690-cb8b-49f1-9d91-b916b1867170&p=1">http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/comment/story.html?id=02cc5690-cb8b-49f1-9d91-b916b1867170&p=1</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>Wasserkraft am Brettenbach. <a href="http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/wasserkraft.pdf">http://www.freiamt.de/pdf_gemeinde/wasserkraft.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergiedorf Jühnde. <a href="http://bioenergiedorf.de/con/cms/front_content.php?idcat=13">http://bioenergiedorf.de/con/cms/front_content.php?idcat=13</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Doing It for Themselves: The village of Juehnde, Germany, gets power from carbon neutral biomass. <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/131716">http://www.newsweek.com/id/131716</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergy Village Jühnde / Germany - An example for other villages. <a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:P6Wj8Mut710J:www.gaccny.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Marketing/Greenteam/Energy_Village_Juehnde.pdf+Bioenergy+Village+J%C3%BChnde+/+Germany+An+example+for+other+villages+2009-06-23&hl=de&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShna15mQkFzrpjvhnx1c_6vihJ7qMZx_8f59PH-GCEPfpJGVP6X7UcIB5wto-RJqyECGYkgMLP1eKrXL92aVJGnn0ea7B37zP6__kD5OicVAcaRzsDzRiNx9k04-Yq6NzBlf5f3&sig=AHIEtbRFlzaBj0F7jBR9W1R108rLl_X7bQ">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:P6Wj8Mut710J:www.gaccny.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Marketing/Greenteam/Energy_Village_Juehnde.pdf+Bioenergy+Village+J%C3%BChnde+/+Germany+An+example+for+other+villages+2009-06-23&hl=de&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShna15mQkFzrpjvhnx1c_6vihJ7qMZx_8f59PH-GCEPfpJGVP6X7UcIB5wto-RJqyECGYkgMLP1eKrXL92aVJGnn0ea7B37zP6__kD5OicVAcaRzsDzRiNx9k04-Yq6NzBlf5f3&sig=AHIEtbRFlzaBj0F7jBR9W1R108rLl_X7bQ</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Case 6: Bioenergy Village Jühnde. <a href="http://www.esteem-tool.eu/fileadmin/esteem-tool/docs/CASE_6_def.pdf">http://www.esteem-tool.eu/fileadmin/esteem-tool/docs/CASE_6_def.pdf</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergy Village - a Concept for Energy Self-Sufficiency in Rural Areas. <a href="http://www.habiter-autrement.org/12.energies/contributions-12/Bioenergy%20Village%20-%20a%20Concept%20for%20Energy%20Self-sufficiency-rural-area.pdf">http://www.habiter-autrement.org/12.energies/contributions-12/Bioenergy%20Village%20-%20a%20Concept%20for%20Energy%20Self-sufficiency-rural-area.pdf</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>The first bioenergy village in Jühnde/Germany: Energy self sufficiency with biogas. <a href="http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/casestudies/biogas_village.pdf">http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/casestudies/biogas_village.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>The Bioenergy Village. Self-sufficient Heating and Electricity Supply Using Biomass - Conditions and Consequences for the Agriculture, Ecology and Quality of Life in Rural Areas: What´s new about „The Bioenergy Village”?. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf.info/pdfs/05-07-04_FaBl_Thesis%20and%20Opportunities.pdf">http://www.bioenergiedorf.info/pdfs/05-07-04_FaBl_Thesis%20and%20Opportunities.pdf</a>. Accessed August 25, 2009.</li><li>The Bioenergy Village. Self-sufficient Heating and Electricity Supply Using Biomass - Conditions and Consequences for the Agriculture, Ecology and Quality of Life in Rural Areas: The Present Situation. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf.info/pdfs/05-07-04_FaBl_Philosophy%20and%20Objectives.pdf">http://www.bioenergiedorf.info/pdfs/05-07-04_FaBl_Philosophy%20and%20Objectives.pdf</a>. Accessed August 25, 2009.</li><li>European Biomass Success Stories Policy and Legislation Bioenergy Village Jühnde (DE). <a href="http://www.regbieplus.eu/fileadmin/filesharing/Success_Stories/REGBIE__Success_Stories_01.pdf">http://www.regbieplus.eu/fileadmin/filesharing/Success_Stories/REGBIE__Success_Stories_01.pdf</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergy Village Jühnde, Lower Saxony, Germany. <a href="http://www.regbieplus.eu/265.0.html">http://www.regbieplus.eu/265.0.html</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Appreciation Municipality of Jühnde. <a href="http://www.eurosolar.de/en/index.php?Itemid=26&id=199&option=com_content&task=view">http://www.eurosolar.de/en/index.php?Itemid=26&id=199&option=com_content&task=view</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>German village goes off-grid ready. <a href="http://www.off-grid.net/2009/10/17/german-village-goes-off-grid-ready/">http://www.off-grid.net/2009/10/17/german-village-goes-off-grid-ready/</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Jühnde Bioenergy Village: An Energy self‒sufficient vilage in Jühnde, Germany, since 2005. <a href="http://www.updatinggermany.de/projects/031-juhnde-bioenergy-village?set_language=en">http://www.updatinggermany.de/projects/031-juhnde-bioenergy-village?set_language=en</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Liquefied Manure’s Thomas Paine May Be German. <a href="http://www.miller-mccune.com/science-environment/liquefied-manure-3599/">http://www.miller-mccune.com/science-environment/liquefied-manure-3599/</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>Jühnde is Germany’s first bio energy village. <a href="http://www.lusaka.diplo.de/Vertretung/lusaka/en/01/Erneuerbare_20Energien.html">http://www.lusaka.diplo.de/Vertretung/lusaka/en/01/Erneuerbare_20Energien.html</a>. Accessed October 29, 2009.</li><li>Das Bioenergiedorf Lippertsreute. <a href="http://bioenergiedorf-lippertsreute.de/">http://bioenergiedorf-lippertsreute.de/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Lippertsreute – das zweite Bioenergiedorf in Baden-Württemberg. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf-lippertsreute.de/media/bioenergie-Lippertsreute-infomappe_140808.pdf">http://www.bioenergiedorf-lippertsreute.de/media/bioenergie-Lippertsreute-infomappe_140808.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Gemeinschaftportal Lüchow-Dannenberg. <a href="http://www.luechow-dannenberg.de/">http://www.luechow-dannenberg.de/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>100 Kommunen Partnerschaft - Lüchow-Dannenberg. <a href="http://www.wendenenergie.de/aktuell/energiezentrum/altener.pdf">http://www.wendenenergie.de/aktuell/energiezentrum/altener.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergiedorf Mauenheim. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf-mauenheim.de/">http://www.bioenergiedorf-mauenheim.de/</a>. Accessed August 25, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergiedorf Mauenheim: Ein Modellprojekt für den ländlichen Raum. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf.info/pdfs/BSB_Bioenergiedorf%20Mauenheim%20ganz%20kurz.pdf">http://www.bioenergiedorf.info/pdfs/BSB_Bioenergiedorf%20Mauenheim%20ganz%20kurz.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Mauenheim - The First Bio-Energy Village of Baden-Württemberg. <a href="http://bioenergiedorf-mauenheim.de/media/Infomappe%20Mauenheim-Englisch.pdf">http://bioenergiedorf-mauenheim.de/media/Infomappe%20Mauenheim-Englisch.pdf</a>. Accessed September 3, 2009.</li><li>Energielandschaft Morbach. <a href="http://www.energielandschaft.de/index.php?id=energie">http://www.energielandschaft.de/index.php?id=energie</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bioenergiedorf Oberrosphe. <a href="http://www.bioenergiedorf.biz/">http://www.bioenergiedorf.biz/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Salzhemmendorf mit dem Solarpreis 2008 ausgezeichnet. <a href="http://www.salzhemmendorf.de/assets/files/formulare/solarpreis2008.pdf">http://www.salzhemmendorf.de/assets/files/formulare/solarpreis2008.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Schönau - A Self-Sufficient Small Town. <a href="http://www.serg.ca/uploads/documents/Newsletter%20-%20March%202010%20WEB.pdf">http://www.serg.ca/uploads/documents/Newsletter%20-%20March%202010%20WEB.pdf</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Strom Rebels of Schönau: The Village That Built Their Own Solar Utility. <a href="http://www.wind-works.org/articles/SchoenauStromRebels.html">http://www.wind-works.org/articles/SchoenauStromRebels.html</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall. <a href="http://www.landkreis-schwaebisch-hall.de/">http://www.landkreis-schwaebisch-hall.de/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Die Landesregierung Rheinpflandpflaz. <a href="http://www.rlp.de/einzelansicht/archive/2010/april/article/energie-aus-sonnenlicht/">http://www.rlp.de/einzelansicht/archive/2010/april/article/energie-aus-sonnenlicht/</a>. Accessed January 5, 2010.</li><li>Landesumweltamt Brandenburg. <a href="http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/5lbm1.c.98621.de">http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/5lbm1.c.98621.de</a>. Accessed March 13, 2010.</li><li>Umweltdaten Brandenburg 2008-2009. <a href="http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/media.php/lbm1.a.2334.de/udb_09.pdf">http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/media.php/lbm1.a.2334.de/udb_09.pdf</a>. Accessed March 13, 2010.</li><li>Nutzung Nachwachsender Rohstoffe in Brandenburg: Stand, Ergebnisse, Perspektiven. <a href="http://www.mil.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/4055/energ_fo.pdf">http://www.mil.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/4055/energ_fo.pdf</a>. Accessed March 13, 2010.</li><li>Landkreis Prignitz. <a href="http://www.landkreis-prignitz.de/">http://www.landkreis-prignitz.de/</a>. Accessed March 14, 2010.</li><li>Landkreis Prignitz: Umwelt- und Naturschutz. <a href="http://www.landkreis-prignitz.de/Landkreis/statistik/umwelt_naturschutz.pdf">http://www.landkreis-prignitz.de/Landkreis/statistik/umwelt_naturschutz.pdf</a>. Accessed March 14, 2010.</li><li>Energiepotenziale und konzeptionelle Steuerungsansaetze Erneuerbare Energien in der Region Prignitz - Oberhavel. <a href="http://www.rpg-po.de/Dokumente/Berichte/energiekonzeption_po_schwenck.pdf">http://www.rpg-po.de/Dokumente/Berichte/energiekonzeption_po_schwenck.pdf</a>. Accessed March 13, 2010.</li><li>Biokraft Karstädt - Biogas Plant: Renewable Energy from Biogas. <a href="http://www.steag-saarenergie.de/de/02_Leistungen/pdf/BiomasseKarstaedt_120109_EN.pdf">http://www.steag-saarenergie.de/de/02_Leistungen/pdf/BiomasseKarstaedt_120109_EN.pdf</a>. Accessed September 6, 2009.</li><li>Das Bioenergiedorf Grosselfingen. Ein Nahwärmenetz für Grosselfingen: Ökologische Wärme, gewonnen aus regional erzeugter Energie. <a href="http://www.clean-energy.biz/fileadmin/user_upload/Das_Bioenergiedorf_Grosselfingen__3_.pdf">http://www.clean-energy.biz/fileadmin/user_upload/Das_Bioenergiedorf_Grosselfingen__3_.pdf</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Bioenergiedörfer: Nahwärmenetz Grosselfingen. <a href="http://www.clean-energy.biz/index.php?id=21">http://www.clean-energy.biz/index.php?id=21</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Dardesheim: Germany's Renewable Energy Town. <a href="http://www.wind-works.org/articles/DardesheimGermanysRenewableEnergyCity.html">http://www.wind-works.org/articles/DardesheimGermanysRenewableEnergyCity.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>A 100% Renewable Energized City. <a href="http://www.gstriatum.com/solarenergy/2009/05/a-100-renewable-energized-city/">http://www.gstriatum.com/solarenergy/2009/05/a-100-renewable-energized-city/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>German Town Will Soon Use 100% Renewable Power. <a href="http://www.metaefficient.com/renewable-power/german-town-will-soon-use-100-renewable-power.html">http://www.metaefficient.com/renewable-power/german-town-will-soon-use-100-renewable-power.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Dardesheim, Germany - Renewable Energy City. <a href="http://www.greentechnolog.com/2009/08/dardesheim_germany_renewable_energy_city_1.html">http://www.greentechnolog.com/2009/08/dardesheim_germany_renewable_energy_city_1.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Energieregion Dithmarschen. <a href="http://www.raum-energie.de/index.php?id=254">http://www.raum-energie.de/index.php?id=254</a>. Accessed March 10, 2010.</li><li>Erneuerbare Energien in Dithmarschen. <a href="http://www.energieregion-st-michaelisdonn.de/index.php?page=region___gemeinde">http://www.energieregion-st-michaelisdonn.de/index.php?page=region___gemeinde</a>. Accessed March 10, 2010.</li><li>Integrierte Entwicklungsstrategie (IES) für die Lokale Aktions-Gruppe (LAG) Dithmarschen. <a href="http://www.dithmarschen.de/media/custom/647_3340_1.PDF">http://www.dithmarschen.de/media/custom/647_3340_1.PDF</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Integrierte Entwicklungsstrategie für die Lokale Aktionsgruppe (LAG): AktivRegion „Südliches Nordfriesland“. <a href="http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/10__laendlicheEntwicklung/01__AktivRegion/01__IES/PDF/IES__4,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf">http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/10__laendlicheEntwicklung/01__AktivRegion/01__IES/PDF/IES__4,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Integrierte Entwicklungsstrategie für die Lokale Aktionsgruppe (LAG): AktivRegion „Mitte des Nordens“. <a href="http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/10__laendlicheEntwicklung/01__AktivRegion/01__IES/PDF/IES__6,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf">http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/10__laendlicheEntwicklung/01__AktivRegion/01__IES/PDF/IES__6,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Kreis Nordfriesland Zahlenspiegel 2009/2010. <a href="http://www.nordfriesland.de/media/custom/45_3490_1.PDF?loadDocument&ObjSvrID=45&ObjID=3490&ObjLa=1&Ext=PDF&_ts=1238680425">http://www.nordfriesland.de/media/custom/45_3490_1.PDF?loadDocument&ObjSvrID=45&ObjID=3490&ObjLa=1&Ext=PDF&_ts=1238680425</a>. Accessed March 24, 2010.</li><li>Bioenergie Region - Nordfriesland Nord: Regionales Entwicklungskonzept. <a href="http://www.bioenergie-regionen.de/fileadmin/bioenergie-regionen/dateien/regionen/REK-Nordfriesland-Nord.pdf">http://www.bioenergie-regionen.de/fileadmin/bioenergie-regionen/dateien/regionen/REK-Nordfriesland-Nord.pdf</a>. Accessed March 10, 2010.</li><li>Nordfriesland: Attraktiver Standort für Unternehmen. <a href="http://www.wfg-nf.de/downloads/Broschueren/Windbroschre_deutsch.pdf">http://www.wfg-nf.de/downloads/Broschueren/Windbroschre_deutsch.pdf</a>. Accessed March 26, 2010.</li><li>Positionspapier zur Windkraftbranche in Nordfriesland. <a href="http://www.offshore-wind.de/page/fileadmin/offshore/documents/Positionspapier_zur_Windkraftbranche_in_Nordfriesland.pdf">http://www.offshore-wind.de/page/fileadmin/offshore/documents/Positionspapier_zur_Windkraftbranche_in_Nordfriesland.pdf</a>. Accessed March 10, 2010.</li><li>Integrierte Ländliche Entwicklungsstrategie für die Lokale Aktionsgruppe (LAG) AktivRegion Nordfriesland Nord. <a href="http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/10__laendlicheEntwicklung/01__AktivRegion/01__IES/PDF/IES__1,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf">http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/10__laendlicheEntwicklung/01__AktivRegion/01__IES/PDF/IES__1,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf</a>. Accessed March 10, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Germany. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany</a>. Accessed September 26, 2009.</li><li>Map of Germany. <a href="http://www.map-of-germany.org/map-of-germany.gif">http://www.map-of-germany.org/map-of-germany.gif</a>. Accessed 17, 2010.</li><li>Germany Leads Way on Renewable, Sets 45% Target by 2030. <a href="http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5430">http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5430</a>. Accessed March 23, 2010.</li><li>Schriftliche Befragung von Erneuerbare-Energie-Regionen in Deutschland: Regionale Ziele, Aktivitäten und Einschätzungen in Bezug auf 100% Erneuerbare Energie in Regionen. <a href="http://www.100-ee-kongress.de/fileadmin/content/Vortragsunterlagen/Arbeitsmaterialien_100EE_Nr1_web.pdf">http://www.100-ee-kongress.de/fileadmin/content/Vortragsunterlagen/Arbeitsmaterialien_100EE_Nr1_web.pdf</a>. Accessed September 27, 2009.<br /></li><li>EnergyMap: Die Karte der Erneuerbare Energien. <a href="http://www.energymap.info/index.html">http://www.energymap.info/index.html</a>. Accessed March 28, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy in Germany. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany</a>. Accessed October 10, 2009.</li><li>Feed-in Tariffs in Germany. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffs_in_Germany">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffs_in_Germany</a>. Accessed March 24, 2010.<br /></li><li>Germany Going 100% Renewable (Or Yet Another Reason Why America is Falling Behind). <a href="http://www.blog.thesietch.org/2007/12/30/germany-going-100-renewable-or-yet-another-reason-why-america-is-falling-behind/">http://www.blog.thesietch.org/2007/12/30/germany-going-100-renewable-or-yet-another-reason-why-america-is-falling-behind/</a>. Accessed March 23, 2010.<br /></li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-81962513783601889452010-03-28T09:11:00.000-07:002010-06-05T11:26:18.665-07:00Self Sufficiency Energy Villages, Korea<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region.<br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dongwang Village, Jeju-do Island, South Korea</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Dongwang is the first self sufficient energy village in the world.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> It is located in the west of Jeju-do Island, the biggest southern island in South Korea (Figure 1).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> This semi-tropical village takes benefit from the solar energy to fulfill their electricity demand.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]<br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Ss4w1L2wCiI/AAAAAAAAAJA/z3YEpSIDPqI/s1600-h/Dongwang+Village+2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Ss4w1L2wCiI/AAAAAAAAAJA/z3YEpSIDPqI/s320/Dongwang+Village+2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390299494282693154" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Dongwang Village in Jeju-do Island, South Korea<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup>In every roof of the house (40 houses) and roof of the school are installed big solar panels (Figure 2). Every house has different capacity of solar panel. This program is developed in 2004. The government covered 70% of the installation cost. The reason of development this program is environmental issues. The people in Dongwang realize that environmental is very important issues. With this technology, currently the inhabitant use free electricity every day.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Due to solar panels covered almost the entire area and most of inhabitant get electricity from solar panels, this city is also popular as "Solar Town".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]<br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Ss4ww6BHRXI/AAAAAAAAAI4/2UPncSlDpZM/s1600-h/Dongwang+Village+1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 280px; height: 188px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Ss4ww6BHRXI/AAAAAAAAAI4/2UPncSlDpZM/s320/Dongwang+Village+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390299420774843762" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Big solar panel (2.1 kW) in the roof of the house<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;">Jeju-do Island also has a large wind farm. In 2008, the local government announced their plan to raise the island's wind power generation capacity to 500 megawatt (MW) by 2020. It is aimed to replace 20% conventionally generated electricity and 26% existing fuel used in transportation to be environmentally friendly fuel.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This village has a motto "A clean city - clean island"<span>. They don't have many factories. The inhabitant enjoy nice and clean air. They are trying to have a clean city with solar panels and windmills. Now, they are still struggling to accomplish total energy independence with clean technology. Dongwang is in a state of the art of renewable energy village.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]<br /><br /><br /><br /></sup></span></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Deungryong Village, North Jeolla Province's Buan County, Korea</span></span><br /><br />The town Deungryong is located in Jangsin-Ri of Haseo-Myeon, a sub division of North Jeolla Province's Buan County. This town is typically agriculture village (Figure 3). There are about 30 households, total population is around 50.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]<br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Suldk2JTkFI/AAAAAAAAAOA/YaoSp1pNWN8/s1600-h/Deungryong+village.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 142px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Suldk2JTkFI/AAAAAAAAAOA/YaoSp1pNWN8/s400/Deungryong+village.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397948515971469394" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Deungryong village<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;">Deungryong village is aimed to become self sufficiency on energy. Established in February 2005, Buan Civil Power selected Deungryong as a prototype of energy self-sufficient village and has taken steps toward it. Buan civil power plant relocated here as well as the office and education center of the 'Life Peace Priming Water'. Those with the same aspirations are helping the locals push forward mid and long term programs to establish an energy self sufficient village.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">First of all, Buan Civil Power Plant started operating the Solar Power plant-1. A power plant built in October 2005. By the winter in 2006, geothermal heating and cooling system, which produce up to 35RT was installed. This system provides air-conditioning to four buildings including residential households and education center. By 2008, the total electricity generated from solar energy reached 36 kW in Deungryong. This is due to the local community's participation in a program to 'install photovoltaic panels on roofs of 100 thousand homes'. The number of civil people which funded Solar Power Plant rose. It is contributed to the total of community involved.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br />Deungryong village which declared its energy self-sufficiency, places its emphasis on energy savings, energy efficiency, and transition to renewable energy. In order to reach this goal, it is aimed to cut more than 30% of its total energy use and replace 50% of its total energy use with solar energy, wind power (Figure 4), and biomass.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvgwfNswBZI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/IWgNG5crsjM/s1600-h/install+wind+turbine.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvgwfNswBZI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/IWgNG5crsjM/s400/install+wind+turbine.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5402121065842345362" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Installation of wind turbine<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Decreasing 10% of the total energy use in village</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 2008, Buan Civil Power Plant set up a more detailed objective: an annual decrease of 10% of energy use. Every household have changed their incandescent light bulbs into high energy efficient. They use switchable power bars with multiple sockets to reduce standby power.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">School of forest, the wind, and the sun</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">From summer in 2008, this school is opened to provides a learning experience relating to renewable energy. The school has built a solar photovoltaic power generator and it is equipped with a solar cooker. It uses wind and kinetic energy through generators powered by wind and bicycle pedaling. It has installed a water turbine in addition to methane collection and flaring system. People will take part in out door education programs related to the use of renewable energy. They will also get knowledge on how to generate and cook with renewable energy. Activities such as 'living without electricity' using candlelight during the night and watching movies with self generated electricity are available also.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Making generators powered by wind and bicycle pedaling</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Generators powered by bicycle pedaling can overcome the weather restrictions other renewable energy generators have. In order to make small wind generator (Figure 5), they carved propellers out wood, wounds the coils onto the magnet, and attached it to the generator. Producing up to 500W, this generator was constructed by their own. It has been installed in 'SiSu', a school of environmental studies in the Deungryong village. This will help Deungryong village's energy self sufficiency and educating children about renewable energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvhIkCbqA2I/AAAAAAAAAPY/HqneIIKv_ME/s1600-h/wind+power.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvhIkCbqA2I/AAAAAAAAAPY/HqneIIKv_ME/s400/wind+power.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5402147536996270946" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. A small wind generator<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol><li>Desa Mandiri Energi Pertama Dunia (World First Self Sufficient Energy Village). <a href="http://kunaifi.wordpress.com/2008/05/14/desa-mandiri-energi-pertama-dunia-world-first-self-sufficient-energy-village/">http://kunaifi.wordpress.com/2008/05/14/desa-mandiri-energi-pertama-dunia-world-first-self-sufficient-energy-village/</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>South Korean Solar System Community on Jeju Island a Brilliant Idea. <a href="http://ecoworldly.com/2008/05/09/south-korean-solar-system-community-on-jeju-island-a-brilliant-idea/">http://ecoworldly.com/2008/05/09/south-korean-solar-system-community-on-jeju-island-a-brilliant-idea/</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>Korean Village Runs on 100% Solar Power. <a href="http://www.enn.com/energy/article/36133">http://www.enn.com/energy/article/36133</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>Energy Self-Sufficient Village at Deungryong, Buan. <a href="http://green-korea.tistory.com/83">http://green-korea.tistory.com/83</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.<br /></li></ol><br /></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-1435760687905048142010-03-28T08:49:00.000-07:002010-06-15T07:20:31.477-07:00Sustainable Energy Zone, Japan<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Sustainable Zone.</span><br /></div><br /><br />Sustainable energy zone is a phrase invented by a Chiba University research group leader Prof. <a href="http://www.hh.iij4u.or.jp/%7Ekurasaka/">Hidefumi Kurasaka</a>. It refers to a zone where all energy requirements can be met by renewable (natural energy) created within that zone. In this case, renewable energy refers to photovoltaic (solar), wind, geothermal, biomass, and small scale hydro. The ratio of supply in respect to demand is supply rate.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Rate (available supply) = (amount of power generated by renewable natural energy in the area) / (energy demand for the people in the area)</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span><span>[2]</span></span></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />If the supply rate is more than 100%, the area is classified as sustainable energy zone. Currently when the criteria is limited to electricity only, there are 76 municipalities in Japan classified as sustainable energy zones as July 2007 (Table 1).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span><span>[2]</span></span></sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Top / 100% list of persistent energy zone<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SugwGKrNOwI/AAAAAAAAAMo/ofTVFSiNaxE/s1600-h/Sustainable+Zone-Part+1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 277px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SugwGKrNOwI/AAAAAAAAAMo/ofTVFSiNaxE/s400/Sustainable+Zone-Part+1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397617035906464514" border="0" /></a> </div></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Top / 100% list of persistent energy zone (continue)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SugwwkuFsPI/AAAAAAAAAMw/pIo7h2PJGeI/s1600-h/Sustainable+Zone-Part+2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 277px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SugwwkuFsPI/AAAAAAAAAMw/pIo7h2PJGeI/s400/Sustainable+Zone-Part+2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397617764452380914" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Table 1. Top / 100% list of persistent energy zone (continue)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SugxTXzHfmI/AAAAAAAAAM4/4uIHskHubbM/s1600-h/Sustainable+Zone-Part+3.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 287px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SugxTXzHfmI/AAAAAAAAAM4/4uIHskHubbM/s400/Sustainable+Zone-Part+3.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397618362279231074" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The extremely high supply rates over 3000% of the two top two zones, Yanaizu in Fukushima and Kokone in Oita, are because of large scale geothermal generators built in the zone. However, overall 70% of the zones have small-scale hydroelectric plants (in stream units under 10 MW).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /><br /></sup><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Yanaizu Town, Kawanuma County District, Fukushima Prefectures</span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">Geothermal power plants are pretty common in Japan by reason of volcanic activity. Japan ranks the sixth in the terms of global geothermal electricity capacity. Totally, there are 18 major geothermal power stations in operation (Figure 1), but their aggregate output only accounts around 0.2 - 0.3% of generated electricity. In the earlier of 2009, Mitsubishi Materials Corp., J-Power, Nittetsu Mining Co. Ltd., and Kyushu Power Co. will build new geothermal power plants with government support. The development is starting in 2009. Today, Japan produces 535.2 MW (<a href="http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art3.pdf">GHC Bulletin</a>).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuhkXZOYcBI/AAAAAAAAANQ/pT6YdaeYA5k/s1600-h/Geothermal+Power+Plants+and+Resources+in+Japan.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 251px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuhkXZOYcBI/AAAAAAAAANQ/pT6YdaeYA5k/s400/Geothermal+Power+Plants+and+Resources+in+Japan.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397674506474516498" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Geothermal power plants in Japan<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Yanaizu Town, Kawanuma County District, Fukushima Prefecture is located in rural area which is far away from the big cities in Japan. This town became popular after Prof. Hidefumi Kurasaka announced his list of Japan's most self-sufficient places and placed the town in the top of the list. Yanaizu ranks in the first due to its fantastic rate of geothermal energy generating at 3290% (Figure 2). The second place is achieved by Kokone Town Kusu in Oita Prefecture with rate 3123%. They also use geothermal as main power to supply their energy requirement.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuhhdANvo1I/AAAAAAAAANI/NWCNt-PEbpA/s1600-h/geothermal-japan.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 308px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuhhdANvo1I/AAAAAAAAANI/NWCNt-PEbpA/s320/geothermal-japan.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397671304305288018" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Welcoming poster in Geothermal power station in Japan<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kochi Prefecture</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Hydroelectric power is Japan's largest energy resource.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> Overall, 70% of the zones have small-scale hydroelectric plants (in stream units under 10 MW).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Kochi Prefecture in the Shikoku Island has rivers, plentiful forests, and mountains which bring abundance of rain.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> Takaoka-cho, Tsuno-gun and Taiho-cho Nagaoka-gun are two cities in Kochi Prefecture which use hydro (renewable energy) as the main power in producing electricity to supply energy demand required.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Actually in the beginning, the people found that it took some effort. But after town meetings (Figure 3), they like the idea of self sufficiency and environmental benefits. Other reasons are, linking energy education with issues such as global warming and the need to reduce CO<sup></sup>2 emission have a lot of sense to be considered.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuikxbPrcyI/AAAAAAAAANY/XdzDdbuwtjc/s1600-h/micro-hydro-power-japan.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 274px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuikxbPrcyI/AAAAAAAAANY/XdzDdbuwtjc/s400/micro-hydro-power-japan.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397745322437604130" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Micro hydro power in Japan<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The micro-hydro project is meant to create energy independence while also protecting local industry in the forestry and agricultural sectors. These projects are "small is beautiful". It is a kind of deal based on community desire "don't want to have huge dams or more concrete, just a clever way to produce energy (Figure 4)".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuiljA4IK3I/AAAAAAAAANg/HuMqL7bk5mk/s1600-h/hydro-japan.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 316px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SuiljA4IK3I/AAAAAAAAANg/HuMqL7bk5mk/s400/hydro-japan.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397746174352960370" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Modern hydro-power plant based on an ancient design<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On account of that, the design is adapted to the request of small scale hydroelectric power plant. One company which provide small scale hydroelectric power plants in Japan is <a href="http://www.tic.toshiba.com.au/hydro-ekids__8482_/">Toshiba's Hydro-eKIDS</a>. Their design<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> (Figure 5) is also used by other community in northwest of Edinburgh, Scotland.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SukPW4XGp8I/AAAAAAAAANw/DyoIiSTCuZ0/s1600-h/design1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 287px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SukPW4XGp8I/AAAAAAAAANw/DyoIiSTCuZ0/s400/design1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397862514141079490" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Design features of hydro power plant<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy self sufficiency in Hokkaido</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Other regions which has more 100%percentage self sufficient is located in Hokkaido Island (Table 2). The type of renewable energy used are wind and solar power. Nowadays, there will be some additional construction of RE plants in Hokkaido. They are mega solar power station 5000 kW (Figure 6) and wind power station 258 million kW (Table 3). Cape Erimo in Hokkaido has annual average wind speed 8.2 m/sec or 30 km/h (Figure 7). Wind power in Horonobe Town can be viewed in Figure 8.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup><br /></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup><div style="text-align: center;">Table 2. High self sufficiency regions in Hokkaido<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-dS49qS5I/AAAAAAAAAHg/pb6BOCN6tog/s1600-h/high+sufficiency+region+in+Hokkaido+islands.bmp"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 175px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-dS49qS5I/AAAAAAAAAHg/pb6BOCN6tog/s320/high+sufficiency+region+in+Hokkaido+islands.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5386196627212618642" border="0" /></a></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-SuNqSDnI/AAAAAAAAAHA/mOB5u-CaMM8/s1600-h/japan+solar+mega+power.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 182px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-SuNqSDnI/AAAAAAAAAHA/mOB5u-CaMM8/s320/japan+solar+mega+power.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5386185001997045362" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 6. Mega solar power station 5000 kW (now under construction)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: center;">Table 3. The amount of wind power in Hokkaido (recently constructed)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-Ub1yPWfI/AAAAAAAAAHI/U508LIJXn5U/s1600-h/no+of+winds+in+Hokkaido.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 259px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-Ub1yPWfI/AAAAAAAAAHI/U508LIJXn5U/s320/no+of+winds+in+Hokkaido.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5386186885373581810" border="0" /></a></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SukkDtwsGfI/AAAAAAAAAN4/8S-N7KsptPc/s1600-h/Annual+average+wind+speed+in+Cape+Erimo+-+Hokkaido.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 251px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SukkDtwsGfI/AAAAAAAAAN4/8S-N7KsptPc/s400/Annual+average+wind+speed+in+Cape+Erimo+-+Hokkaido.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397885274622269938" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 7. Annual average wind speed in Cape Erimo, Hokkaido Island<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-adCdHoBI/AAAAAAAAAHY/eRNMxfCoo0Q/s1600-h/wind+power+station+in+Honorobe+Town-EDIT.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sr-adCdHoBI/AAAAAAAAAHY/eRNMxfCoo0Q/s320/wind+power+station+in+Honorobe+Town-EDIT.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5386193503024291858" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 8. Wind power station at Honorobe Town<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup><br /></div><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">When considering as a whole, Japan's renewable energy is only 3.35%. Only 10 prefectures in Japan have rate above 10%. One of them is Oita Prefecture with the highest rate of supply at 30.8%.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></span><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Notion of Sustainable energy zones - Problems</span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">First problem is scale. Sustainable energy zones look at individual municipality, but when considering prefectures as a whole, the highest rate is Oita Prefecture at 30.8%, with only 9 prefectures in total above 10%. As a whole, Japan's renewable energy supply rate is only 3.35%. Therefore, the amazing supply rate, 3290% is only possible when looking at individual municipalities.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></span><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The second problem is the relationship between the supply rate and actual measures taken by the municipalities. In many cases, the high supply rate is not a result of energy measures taken by the municipalities, but rather than an outside power company has chosen that site for development. Therefore having a high supply rate does not necessarily mean the area has advance electricity measures in place, and there is no point labeling a municipality good or bad based solely on this figure.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></span><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The important thing is not only to say "wow" some places have such an abundance of renewable energy, but consider how this energy can be used to create a sustainable society. This will give new importance to these numbers and what they indicate.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></span><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >List of References:</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>3290% Energy Self-Sufficient! Sustainable Energy Zones in Our Back Yard. <a href="http://greenz.jp/en/2009/09/11/sustanable_zone/">http://greenz.jp/en/2009/09/11/sustanable_zone/</a>. Accessed September 25, 2009.<br /></li><li>Sustainable Zone Official Homepage. <a href="http://sustainable-zone.org/">http://sustainable-zone.org</a>. Accessed October 12, 2009.<br /></li><li>The First 3290% Energy Self-Sufficient Town in Japan. <a href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/09/geothermal-japan.php">http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/09/geothermal-japan.php</a>. Accessed September 25, 2009.<br /></li><li>Volcanic Zones of Japan. <a href="http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/grsj/geothermalinJ/Res&PP/volcan_zone/main121c.html">http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/grsj/geothermalinJ/Res&PP/volcan_zone/main121c.html</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>Micro-Hydro Power Picking Up Spead as more Rural Towns Want to go Off-Grid. <a href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/07/micro-hydro-power-japan.php">http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/07/micro-hydro-power-japan.php</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>Hydro-eKIDS. <a href="http://www.tic.toshiba.com.au/hydro-ekids__8482_/">http://www.tic.toshiba.com.au/hydro-ekids__8482_/</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>Design Features. <a href="http://www.tic.toshiba.com.au/design_features/">http://www.tic.toshiba.com.au/design_features/</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.<br /></li><li>The possibility of food and energy self-sufficiency in Hokkaido. <a href="http://www.adm.u-tokyo.ac.jp/res/res5/PPT/4-4%20Nobuyuki%20Tsuji.pdf">http://www.adm.u-tokyo.ac.jp/res/res5/PPT/4-4%20Nobuyuki%20Tsuji.pdf</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-41130267003307547382010-03-28T07:38:00.000-07:002010-05-23T07:14:31.763-07:00Bonaire Carribean Island, Netherland<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Bonaire Carribean Island, renewable energy in Bonaire Carribean Island.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br />Bonaire is a tiny Carribean Island which is located 80 km from the north of Venezuela coast (Figure 1). It's a B island of Netherland's ABC islands, along with Aruba (A island) and Curacao (C island). Bonaire is a plantation island and salt producer (Figure 2). The island attacks a modest number of tourism mainly drivers drawn to its outstanding marine environment and strives toward environmental protection and conservation. With population 12,000 persons, Bonaire's peak electricity demand is approximately 12 MW. Currently, it served by a set of rented container (light fuel) diesel gen-sets with a rate capacity of 12 MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9KJY1duVVI/AAAAAAAAAf4/_Z5OgvUbaUY/s1600/bonaire-edit.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 166px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9KJY1duVVI/AAAAAAAAAf4/_Z5OgvUbaUY/s400/bonaire-edit.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5463580357715449170" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Location of Bonaire Carribean Island<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sva3rYe_kwI/AAAAAAAAAOo/UMfUw_sO1MU/s1600-h/Bonaire%27s+salt+flats.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 335px; height: 251px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/Sva3rYe_kwI/AAAAAAAAAOo/UMfUw_sO1MU/s400/Bonaire%27s+salt+flats.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401706759012193026" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Bonaire's salt flats, where algae and bacteria color pools of evaporating sea water<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bonaire Claimed to be the First 100% sustainable island in the World</span><br /></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bonaire as a part of the Netherland Antilles (Figure 3), has claimed that they will be the first 100% sustainable island in the world. The representative of the island "the Cacao Pearl" claimed they have created </span>"the world's first nonprofit and luxury eco-resort community to commit 100% of operating profits to environmental protection and social improvements." The island will feature zero-carbon designer homes, an organic bar, wreck and reef diving, and a secluded destination spa<span>. They are now in </span>the midst of installing a 11MW wind farm, 14MW biodiesel plant and a 3.5MW backup battery.<span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></span><span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcFZ8sqwNI/AAAAAAAAAOw/JpKvG106feY/s1600-h/bonaire-beach.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcFZ8sqwNI/AAAAAAAAAOw/JpKvG106feY/s400/bonaire-beach.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401792221402546386" border="0" /></a>Figure 3. Bonaire Beach<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span>In the 2007, a contract to build a combine wind bio diesel system has been signed</span><span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></span><span> The island government, agreed to a multi-faceted project to reduce their dependence on fossil fuel energy by developing an energy system "wind bio diesel </span><span>system".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> They hope that their commitment to alternative energy will attract environmentally minded tourist.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></span><br /><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wind bio diesel system</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This system is comprising 13 wind turbines and a bio diesel power plant.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> The project includes construction of an 10 MW wind farm, a 13 MW bio diesel plant, and a 2.5 MW backup battery. This project is designed to meet the island's electricity needs for the next 15 years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup> It will transform today's largely fossil fuel-based energy supply infrastructure on the island into one based on the application of 100% sustainable energy sources within five years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Two Project Stages</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The project comprises two distinct implementation stages spread over 2007 and 2009. The first stage has been installed in 2007.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup> The second stage is planed to be completed in the end of 2009.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 2007, as part of phase one, a 33 kW Enercon E-33 wind turbine at Sorobon on the southeast coast of Bonaire has been completed (Figure 4). This new installation replaces an obsolete former NedWind turbine that had not been operated since 1996. The Sorobon site is chosen due to favorable wind climate, very stable wind conditions, and an average wind speed of about 9.1 m/s. The existing grid cable connection has sufficient capacity to accommodate one medium-size wind turbine. This turbine was commissioned in the May of that year. The main objective of this first project phase is to gain experience with wind energy and to reduce electricity cost in short term. </span> <span>During the first month, the turbine performed beyond expectation</span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><span> With the new system, the cost will be lower than the cost of the present fossil fuels based system</span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><span> Besides, through supplying clean electricity to the island, local staff will be trained to master the skills for the long-time in maintaining the Enercon type, direct drive (gearless) turbines</span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcGFwzLSrI/AAAAAAAAAO4/fW0LhNri_Qg/s1600-h/a+small-pilot+wind+turbine.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcGFwzLSrI/AAAAAAAAAO4/fW0LhNri_Qg/s400/a+small-pilot+wind+turbine.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401792974122863282" border="0" /></a>Figure 4. Wind turbine pilot project<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>The second phase of this project is scheduled to be completed in the end of 2009.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> The next 12 new wind turbines (990 kW)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> will be built on the north-east coast of Bonaire, the windward side of the island (Figure 5). Each turbine can produce 0.8 - 0.9 MW. The new bio diesel power plant (13 MW) will be constructed at the northwest corner of Bonaire, in the near of BOPEC site.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> The wind farm will comprise either 11 x 900 kW E-44 (rotor diameter 44 meters) or 12 x 800 kW E-48 (rotor diameter 48 meters) turbines. Each wind turbine is expected to operate at a high capacity factor, with some 3000-3500 full load hours annually.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></span><br /></div><span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcG1p4Pc0I/AAAAAAAAAPA/8pQ7Xdc52ZA/s1600-h/stands+of+foundation+of+wind+turbines.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 335px; height: 251px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcG1p4Pc0I/AAAAAAAAAPA/8pQ7Xdc52ZA/s400/stands+of+foundation+of+wind+turbines.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401793796898779970" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Stand of foundation of wind farm<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bio diesel from salt water algae</span></span><span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>By the end 2009, the system will consist of 12 wind turbines and a bio diesel generator. It will produce 75,000 MWh per year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup> In the beginning, the plant will burn fossil diesel. The system will reduce CO2 emission by an estimated 35,000 tones per year. The first experiment with bio diesel from algae were being carried out.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> They are conducted a feasibility study into the entire bio diesel from algae process chain, an analysis that includes overall economics for several options. Bonaire has a number of large salt flats, which is suitable for growing salt water algae. Bio diesel production derived from algae offers the highest yields per unit of mass of all plants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup> The expectation is the plant will start to burn bio diesel after two or three years of operation.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> After fossil diesel has been switched to bio fuel, it is estimated CO2 emission reduced will rise to 70,000 tones.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup><br /><br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Load Balancing</span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>With the wind penetration level 40%, and considering some massive scale of the wind system, some load load balancing and other control difficulties that may be occurred should be solved.</span><span> As there are no alternative supply systems, such as cable to the Venezuelan mainland, in the event of failure, a 2.5 battery system will be installed to optimize the wind contribution and to improve the grid quality</span><span>.</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>After the completed wind-diesel combination, their system will be the biggest wind-diesel plant in the world.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup> The wind farm, ideally will able to meet all the current demands of Bonaire for electricity.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> The bio diesel generator will ensure grid stability during periods of low wind speeds.</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup> By the end 2009, 44% of the island's energy should be produced by the wind farm and 56% would be produced by bio diesel generator.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Expensive</span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Diesel fuel and its transportation is expensive. This results high electricity cost for the island's consumer population. The cost of Bonaire's wind-diesel system is approximately </span>US$55 million. It is expected that this part of investment can be covered by means of CO2 credits. After the wind-diesel system is fully operational in 2009, electricity generation cost will go down. Power consumers on Bonaire will be among the main beneficiaries. They can look forward to a 10 - 20% reduction of their electricity bills. Second, the island's dependence on highly fluctuating and rising oil prices will be substantially reduced. The combination of bio energy production, the wind turbines and diesel plant will finally give a major local employment boost to the island's population. And by 2012, it is conceivable that Bonaire will get all of its electrical energy from natural, and clean renewable sources.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Buffer zone as the location of the diesel plant-Pro and contra</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Until the process is finalized, however, the generator will run on petroleum-based diesel. But the government is confident enough that the new diesel generator will burn algae - derived bio diesel within five years after the diesel plant's slated completion in 2010. Some residents and environmental groups are skeptical, that bio-fuel will be used. The reasons are there is unproven nature of producing oil from algae and there is no existing commercial algae farms anywhere. The fact, the location of the diesel generators far from potential algae farms but close to the BOPEC (Bonaire Petroleum Company) oil terminal.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup><br /><br /></span><span>The placement of the diesel plant raises other serious concern as well. The diesel site was chosen arbitrary by the government, in the buffer zone of flamingo breeding ground that has been designated as a wetlands of international importance (Figure 6). It is also borders Bonaire's marine reserve. But despite the site ecological sensitivity, an environmental impact assessment hasn't been done. Bonaire has very limited natural resources, one small disaster can hit two of the most delicate ecosystems on the island. With algae they can generate some income than tourism. They also can be self sufficient</span>. Some residents and environmental groups said that they can scream and make noise in the press about it, but they can do nothing about it.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcSXueV_hI/AAAAAAAAAPI/e2PqKa6iiOk/s1600-h/flamingo+in+the+buffer+zone+of+a+wetlands.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/SvcSXueV_hI/AAAAAAAAAPI/e2PqKa6iiOk/s400/flamingo+in+the+buffer+zone+of+a+wetlands.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401806476875791890" border="0" /></a></div> </div> </div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 6. Flamingo in the buffer zone area of wetland, one of several important flamingo breeding and breeding grounds on Bonaire<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Wind Energy Development in the Caribbean. <a href="http://www.uprm.edu/aceer/pdfs/wind_energy_caribbean.pdf">http://www.uprm.edu/aceer/pdfs/wind_energy_caribbean.pdf</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Renewable Energy Initiatives in the Caribbean. <a href="http://www.metservice.gov.jm/JCCEA/Ren%20ener%20-%20jamaica%20presentation.ppt">http://www.metservice.gov.jm/JCCEA/Ren%20ener%20-%20jamaica%20presentation.ppt</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Wind Energy Project. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/www.retscreen.net/download.php/da/842/3/WIND09-C.pdf">www.retscreen.net/download.php/da/842/3/WIND09-C.pdf</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Bonaire Strives toward Becoming the First Caribbean Island Powered by 100% Sustainable Energy. <a href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/91438">http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/91438</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bonaire to Rely on Renewable. <a href="http://www.bahamasecoforum.com/2008/03/bonaire-to-rely.html">Energy. http://www.bahamasecoforum.com/2008/03/bonaire-to-rely.html</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bonaire Strives To Be First Caribbean Island Powered By 100% Sustainable Energy. <a href="http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-scuba-ocean-news/bonaire_strives_to_be_first_caribbean_island_powered_by_100__sustainable_energy/">http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-scuba-ocean-news/bonaire_strives_to_be_first_caribbean_island_powered_by_100__sustainable_energy/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Bonaire To Shift To 100% Alternative Energy Within 5 Years. <a href="http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-scuba-ocean-news/bonaire_to_shift_to_100__alternative_energy_within_5_years/">http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-scuba-ocean-news/bonaire_to_shift_to_100__alternative_energy_within_5_years/</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Caribbean Island Aims for Independence. <a href="http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6651280/Caribbean-island-aims-for-independence.html">http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6651280/Caribbean-island-aims-for-independence.html</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Saft Energy Storage System to Support Caribbean Island of Bonaire Power Grid in Switch to Eco-Friendly Generation. <a href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saft-energy-storage-system-to-support-caribbean-island-of-bonaire-power-grid-in-switch-to-eco-friendly-generation-84758792.html">http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saft-energy-storage-system-to-support-caribbean-island-of-bonaire-power-grid-in-switch-to-eco-friendly-generation-84758792.html</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>The growth of wind power generation in the Caribbean. <a href="http://www.greenantilles.com/tag/bonaire/">http://www.greenantilles.com/tag/bonaire/</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li>Rabobank brings Bonaire closer to sustainable energy future. <a href="http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/029-RabobankbringsBonaireclosertosustainableenergyfuture.jsp">http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/029-RabobankbringsBonaireclosertosustainableenergyfuture.jsp</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Sustainable Bonaire: A Green Caribbean Destination Gets Even More Eco-Friendly. <a href="http://gocaribbean.about.com/od/bonaire/qt/SustainableBonaire.htm">http://gocaribbean.about.com/od/bonaire/qt/SustainableBonaire.htm</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Sustainable Energy System for Bonaire. <a href="http://www.thebioenergysite.com/news/3462/sustainable-energy-system-for-bonaire">http://www.thebioenergysite.com/news/3462/sustainable-energy-system-for-bonaire</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Caribbean Environment: Focus on Sustainable Tourism. <a href="http://www.caribpro.com/Caribbean_Property_Magazine/index.php?pageid=551">http://www.caribpro.com/Caribbean_Property_Magazine/index.php?pageid=551</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References<br /></span> <ol><li>Bonaire Caribbean's First 100% Renewable Energy Island. <a href="http://solarious.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/bonaire-caribbeans-first-100-renewable-energy-island/">http://solarious.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/bonaire-caribbeans-first-100-renewable-energy-island/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.<a href="http://solarious.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/bonaire-caribbeans-first-100-renewable-energy-island/"><br /></a></li><li>Bonaire. <a href="http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/bonaire.gif">http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/bonaire.gif</a>. Accessed April 24, 2010.<br /></li><li>Bonaire's Breezy Future. <a href="http://www.audubonmagazine.org/web/bonaire/">http://www.audubonmagazine.org/web/bonaire/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.<br /></li><li>Bonaire Claims to be First Sustainable Island in the Carribean. <a href="http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2009/01/29/bonaire-claims-be-first-sustainable-island-caribbean">http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2009/01/29/bonaire-claims-be-first-sustainable-island-caribbean</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009. <a href="http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2009/01/29/bonaire-claims-be-first-sustainable-island-caribbean"><br /></a></li><li>Bonaire Caribbean's First Island to Fully Rely on Sustainable Electricity. <a href="http://www.evelop.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=152&Itemid=39">http://www.evelop.com/index.php/en/news/news/bonaire-caribbean-s-first-island-to-fully-rely-on-sustainable-electricity.html</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.<br /></li><li>Bonaire Strives for 100% Sustainable Energy. <a href="http://www.theunderwaterchannel.tv/editorial/bonaire-strives-for-100-sustainable-energy">http://www.theunderwaterchannel.tv/editorial/bonaire-strives-for-100-sustainable-energy</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Easy as ABC? Bonaire Set to Become Caribbean's First Island with 100% Renewable Energy. <a href="http://ictupdate.cta.int/en/Links/Web-Resources/Easy-as-ABC-Bonaire-set-to-become-Caribbean-s-first-island-with-100-renewable-energy">http://ictupdate.cta.int/en/Links/Web-Resources/Easy-as-ABC-Bonaire-set-to-become-Caribbean-s-first-island-with-100-renewable-energy</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.<br /></li><li>Bonaire Strives toward Becoming First Caribbean Island Powered by Total Sustainable Energy. <a href="http://www.bonaireinsider.com/index.php/bonaireinsider/bonaire_strives_toward_becoming_first_caribbean_island_powered_by_total_sus/">http://www.bonaireinsider.com/index.php/bonaireinsider/bonaire_strives_toward_becoming_first_caribbean_island_powered_by_total_sus/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.<a href="http://www.bonaireinsider.com/index.php/bonaireinsider/bonaire_strives_toward_becoming_first_caribbean_island_powered_by_total_sus/"><br /></a></li><li>Bonaire Deal Brings Caribbean Island Closer to Sustainable Energy Future. <a href="http://www.evelop.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=39">http://www.evelop.com/index.php/en/news/news/bonaire-deal-brings-caribbean-island-closer-to-sustainable-energy-future.html</a>. Accessed 18, 2010.<br /></li><li>Bonaire Set to Become Caribbean's First Island with 100% Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/bonaire-set-to-become-caribbeans-first-island-with-100%25-renewable-energy/index.shtml">http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/bonaire-set-to-become-caribbeans-first-island-with-100%25-renewable-energy/index.shtml</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.<br /></li><li>First 100% Sustainable Island in the Caribbean. <a href="http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/02/03/first-100-sustainable-island-in-the-caribbean/">http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/02/03/first-100-sustainable-island-in-the-caribbean/</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.<br /></li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-641412874255310122010-03-28T03:55:00.001-07:002010-06-23T08:34:07.572-07:00Isle of Turiguano, Cuba<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Isle of Turiguano, renewable energy in Isle of Turiguano.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Isle of Turiguano or Isla de Turiguanó is an island in Cuba. This island belongs to the State of Ciego de Avilla. Its latitude (DMS) is 22° 16' 10 North and longitude (DMS) is 78° 37' 2 West (Figure 1)..<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> This area is surrounded by Boca del esternon, Hato viejo, Laguna de los cabezos, Ojos de agua, Sabana grande, San rafael, and Terraplen.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9kljuws0pI/AAAAAAAAAko/mH5_BWazDKM/s1600/Isle+of+Turiguano,+Cuba.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 196px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9kljuws0pI/AAAAAAAAAko/mH5_BWazDKM/s400/Isle+of+Turiguano,+Cuba.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465440918568751762" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Isle of Turiguano in Cuba<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][3]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The State of Ciego de Avilla has a number of population around 11,451,652 inhabitants in 2009. The area is about 110,860 km<sup>2</sup>. With capital city Havana, this state has a GDP (PPP) per capita around 9,700 $.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">IUCN Carribean Initiatiave</span><br />This initiative was launched on Thursday (November 13, 2008) at 11.30 in auditorium. The structure is around the five areas of the IUCN program, including energy. The aim is to add value to ongoing work in the region.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Background</span><br />The reasons of this changing were rising oil price and in the other hand there was a growing of oil dependencies. This gives negative impacts on Carribean economics and livelihoods. In the condition of renewable energy was underexploited and there was a growing interest in renewable resources, the government tried to develop renewable energy. This implementation is executed in the situation of the lack of technologies, experience, or appropriate policy environment.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br />Cuba a few years ago was facing a real energy crisis, 16 hours of electricity cuts and therefore the economy was going to collapse under this system. In 2004 after some series of summer balcksout, in term of short response, the government took action. They implemented energy revolution. Government workers went door to door replacing incandescent light bulbs with CFL's.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wind Power</span><br />Wind energy is today mainly used for water pumping, with over 6 700 wind-powered pumps currently in operation. Wind has not yet been significantly exploited for power generation.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> It began with small generators used to extract water from the wells for cattle ranches. Currently, there are three wind farms set up in Ciego de Ávila (Figure 2), Holguín and the Isla de la Juventud, and several places are being studied to set up new farms.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9k98wRAjGI/AAAAAAAAAkw/HmG8FM86TkY/s1600/Wind+power+in+Isle+of+Turiguano.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9k98wRAjGI/AAAAAAAAAkw/HmG8FM86TkY/s400/Wind+power+in+Isle+of+Turiguano.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465467736748493922" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Wind Installation in rural Cuba<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />A wind map of the entire country was recently created with 32 areas identified with good potential. There are currently 55 stations installed to measure wind and some 8,631 wind towers by the end of 2008, up 14% from 2007 (Figure 3).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /></div></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9lAlQv4_yI/AAAAAAAAAk4/aI0csfjNGsw/s1600/wind+map+cuba.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9lAlQv4_yI/AAAAAAAAAk4/aI0csfjNGsw/s400/wind+map+cuba.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465470631685979938" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Wind Map of Cuba<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br />The government expects them to preform at near full capacity in 2008, resulting in about 11.5 MW of generation. The first wind farm is located in Isle of Turiguano with generation capacity 4.5 MW. There are now two other wind farms, in Gibara-Holguin with generation capacity 5.1 MW and in the Island of Youth with generation capacity 1.65 MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Isle of Turiguano as the Island's First Experimental of Wind Farm</span><br />Cuba’s first wind farm was built in 1999 on the island of Turiguano with a generation capacity of 4.5 MW (Figure 2 and 3).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5][8]</sup> At Turiguano Island, there are plans to expand to 1000 kW – enough capacity to supply 40% of the island’s electricity needs and displace 430 tonnes of fuel oil per year. A recent survey at over 20 sites, primarily in coastal regions, concluded that there are excellent possibilities to develop wind power at these sites.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9kcLrUCBQI/AAAAAAAAAkQ/CFYOXPyHkAI/s1600/Wind+farm+on+the+Isle+of+Turiguano.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 375px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9kcLrUCBQI/AAAAAAAAAkQ/CFYOXPyHkAI/s400/Wind+farm+on+the+Isle+of+Turiguano.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465430609721689346" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Wind Farm on the isle of Turiguano, situated off the central northern coast of Cuba<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9kc3xdJxxI/AAAAAAAAAkY/1gNRwxW0ra4/s1600/Turiguano+Wind+Park.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 204px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9kc3xdJxxI/AAAAAAAAAkY/1gNRwxW0ra4/s400/Turiguano+Wind+Park.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465431367284803346" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Turiguano's Wind Park, Cuba<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hydropower</span><br />Hydropower plants are classified by their rated capacity into one of four regimes: micro (around 5 MW). Cuba’s current installed hydropower capacity amounts to nearly 30 MW, which in 1998 produced 23 GWh of electricity. These plants are generally used to service 200 small, isolated, rural villages with over 7 000 houses and 24 000 inhabitants. The plants also provide power to 503 social service institutions. There are also 6,6 MW under construction, capable of supplying an additional 38 GWh per year. Estimates of Cuba’s hydro potential that remains to be exploited range from 50 MW (210 GWh/year) to 400 MW (1 000 GWh/year).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Biomass</span><br />Approximately three million m<sup>3</sup> of fuelwood are consumed per year, mainly for cooking. To avoid resource depletion, Cuba is currently undergoing a reforestation program of 130,000 ha. There exist a variety of readily available sources in Cuba, including agricultural residues such as sugar cane bagasse, rice husks, and coffee residuals; tree/forest residuals such as sawdust and coconut shells; and various animal wastes.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Sugar Cane Biomass</span><br />Residuals from the sugar cane industry represent by far the most important source of current and potential biomass resources in Cuba. Cuba has been one of the world’s leading sugar producers since the 1800s. In addition to raw sugar, Cuban enterprises produce and utilize many valuable cane co-products for feed, food, energy and fiber. Sugar cane bagasse and sugar cane trash already provide a significant amount of biomass for electricity production in Cuba.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9lHp3ocw-I/AAAAAAAAAlA/uIrPAGKSUFo/s1600/sugar+mill.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9lHp3ocw-I/AAAAAAAAAlA/uIrPAGKSUFo/s400/sugar+mill.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465478407424623586" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Sugar mill in Cuba<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Alcohol Production</span><br />Cuba has 13 alcohol distilleries with capacity of 200–1200 litres/day that use cane molasses as feedstock, for a combined capacity of over 1,5 million hectoliters. Use of alcohol fuels, once common in Cuba in the 1940s and 1950s, all but disappeared with the availability of cheap oil. The current circumstances suggest that Cuba should consider expanding production for use as a transportation fuel, but this option has not yet been pursued.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biogas</span><br />Presently, Cuba uses a significant amount of kerosene, diesel, firewood and charcoal for cooking in many rural areas. Anaerobic digesters producing biogas (methane) offer a sustainable alternative fuel for cooking that is appropriate and economic in rural areas. In Cuba, there are currently over 200 installed biogas units, covering a wide range of scales appropriate to family, community, or industrial uses. The solid waste from biogas plants adds economic value by providing valuable fertilizers as by-products.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Solar Energy</span><br />In Cuba, this technology has been applied in remote and mountainous areas to power audiovisual and other equipment in more than 2,300 primary schools, 400 doctor offices and more than 1,800 small TV/video facilities, among other things. Solar heaters made in China are sold in Cuban stores and widely used in public facilities.<br /><br />Several homes in remote areas of Guantánamo and other regions of the country are powered by photovoltaic systems. Recently in Pinar del Río, more than 90 houses were outfitted with solar energy systems (Figure 5) as result of a cooperation process between the Total French oil company and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9lJi2qFP1I/AAAAAAAAAlI/DW0dMaQwo2o/s1600/solar+panels.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9lJi2qFP1I/AAAAAAAAAlI/DW0dMaQwo2o/s400/solar+panels.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465480485927206738" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Solar panels at a farm in western Pinar del Rio province<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br />Recently, in Ciego de Ávila the electrification of a community of 30 houses and the construction of a pump station were completed, all using solar energy. The project was financed by the Autonomous Delegation of Bizkaia (Spain), the Ciro Redondo municipal government, the Cubasolar Company and the Sodepaz Spanish NGO.<br /><br />The solar panels used in the project are partly produced by the Cuban Electronic Industry - 70% of all the solar panels were assembled in Pinar del Río, and 100% were installed by the Copextel company ran by the Ministry of Computer Science and Communications (MIC). Every square meter of the country receives an average amount of solar energy equivalent to 0.5 kilograms of oil or 5 kWh, throughout the year and almost without fluctuation. <p>This underdeveloped energy source is slowly making its way across the island: there are currently more than 6,000 photovoltaic panels and 1,500 solar heaters in use. The installed solar energy generating capacity in Cuba is around 3 megawatts, or 0.07% of the total installed capacity. And there are several projects underway to increase this percentage, although costs remain a serious obstacle.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></p></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Status of Renewable Energy Development</span><br />Cuba has solved its crippling energy shortages, with the help of wind power. While it still relies heavily on old fashioned and wasteful gas flare and diesel generators, the addition of wind generation has helped to eliminate the once daily energy shortages.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br />Cuba’s energy system is in the middle of a transition way from fossil fuels towards a more sustainable energy system based on biomass and other renewable options. Sugar cane is presently Cuba’s most valuable renewable energy resource, and bagasse co-generation offers significant opportunities for expansion in the near-term. Biogas plants also offer renewable options that are relatively inexpensive and well suited to rural areas. Hydropower has a more limited long-term potential compared to biomass options, but will continue to play a role in smaller-scale energy supply. There is also potential for expanding wind and solar applications in Cuba, particularly in coastal areas.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br />The government is currently conducting a study to find more wind farm sites, both onshore and off. They have also shown interest in other forms of renewable energy such as tidal, wave, biogas, and solar.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Renewable Energy Sources in Cuba. <a href="http://cipore.org/renewable-energy-sources-in-cuba/">http://cipore.org/renewable-energy-sources-in-cuba/</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li><li>Cuba's environmental challenge: facts and policies. <a href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cuba%27s+environmental+challenge:+facts+and+policies.-a0160281553">http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cuba%27s+environmental+challenge:+facts+and+policies.-a0160281553</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /></div> </div><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Isla de Turiguano, Ciego de Avila, Cuba. <a href="http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/cuba/map/m2318473/isla_de_turiguano.html">http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/cuba/map/m2318473/isla_de_turiguano.html</a>. Accessed April 29, 2010.</li><li>ISLA DE CIEGO DE AVILA Geography Population Map. <a href="http://www.tageo.com/index-e-cu-v-07-d-m2318473.htm">http://www.tageo.com/index-e-cu-v-07-d-m2318473.htm</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li><li>Cuba Ciego Avila Isla de Turiguano. <a href="http://www.bedincuba.com/maps/cuba_ciego_avila_isla_turiguano.jpg">http://www.bedincuba.com/maps/cuba_ciego_avila_isla_turiguano.jpg</a>. Accessed April 29, 2010.</li><li>A sustainable energy future for the Caribbean: Optimizing the contribution of ecosystem services to sustainable energy production. <a href="http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/ftp/public/ForumEvents/E1526/Final%20Document/1526_Finisterre_F_Energy%20and%20small%20islands%20ecosystems.pdf">http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/ftp/public/ForumEvents/E1526/Final%20Document/1526_Finisterre_F_Energy%20and%20small%20islands%20ecosystems.pdf</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li><li>Cuba Captures The Wind To Solve Energy Problems. <a href="http://www.blog.thesietch.org/2007/07/10/cuba-captures-the-wind-to-solve-energy-problems/">http://www.blog.thesietch.org/2007/07/10/cuba-captures-the-wind-to-solve-energy-problems/</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li><li>Cuba’s Transition away from Fossil Fuels. <a href="http://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/Red/red-072000.pdf">http://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/Red/red-072000.pdf</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy Sources in Cuba. <a href="http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=13250">http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=13250</a>. Accessed November 7, 2009.</li><li>Wind power generation sought.(CUBA). <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-166990868.html">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-166990868.html</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-18124599045563607382010-03-28T03:37:00.001-07:002010-06-23T09:10:45.117-07:00Varese Ligure, Liguria, Italy<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Varese Ligure, renewable energy in Varese Ligure.<br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Varese Ligure is a municipality in the Italian Region Liguria. Politically, the region is apart of La Spezia province.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> It is a small rural village which 95% of the land of the rural local authority has not been built and covered by forests.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The region is located in the northernmost of the province (Figure 1) and bordered by Genua Province and Parma Province (Emilia-Romagna). The area of Varese is around 136 km<sup>2</sup> and occupied by 2,176 inhabitants (2009). The population density is around 16 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>. The community is called <span class="new">"Comunità Montana dell’Alta Val di Vera"</span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TANjqe4rHdI/AAAAAAAAA0w/km_G6AnK7HY/s1600/Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 233px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TANjqe4rHdI/AAAAAAAAA0w/km_G6AnK7HY/s400/Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477331153309081042" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Varese Ligure<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3][4][5]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Background</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A decade ago, Varese Ligure found itself in difficulties due to a weakening economy, decaying settlements and people moving away. This prompted the mayor to try to reverse the trend by investing in its main resources within the framework of sustainable development.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][7]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Target</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The target of Varese Ligure is to become 100% renewable and 100% organic.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][7]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The local authority of Varese Ligure is close to its target.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> Varese became the first municipality in Europe to get 100% of its power from renewable energy sources in 2001. The region now generates three times more electricity than the people living in Varese need.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Organization of Procurement</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A comprehensive program of sustainable development was put in place to achieve self-sufficiency through the promotion of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. The strategy is managed by the City Council under the direct supervision of its mayor, who is supported, as far as the environmental certification aspects are concerned (periodical audits), by an ad hoc committee.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Measures</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The measures to promote and raise awareness in term of renewable energy development were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Promotion of renewable energy sources: the focus is on wind (two wind-power generators with a capacity of 2 millions kWh/year installed and other 2 generators will soon be installed), solar (two photovoltaic plants installed and a third installation on the public wastewater treatment station is scheduled) and biomass technologies.</li><li>Promotion of energy efficiency: the focus is on biomass; the authorities are promoting the use of pellet boilers by encouraging local production of pellets as a means of generating income and contributing to forestry maintenance. </li><li>Awareness-raising: one of the main actions is the participation in the EU project for schools called FEE (Force Energetique par les Enfantes), to raise the awareness of pupils, families and local stakeholders on energy issues (energy saving and renewable sources) and to the environment in general. </li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Development Strategy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The village launched its overall development strategy with the renovation of the urban centre; on the economic side. The policy has focused on promoting agriculture and tourism and encouraging farmers to take up organic farming. The administration protect and promote the environmental quality of the village. An important aspect of the environmental strategy is the focus on renewable energy sources and energy saving. All these actions have resulted in important synergies that support each other to reach the target.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Varese 100% Sustainable</span><br />The town has launched some initiatives to make Varese 100% sustainable:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><ul><li>a total of 108 organic farms supply 98% of the town’s food;</li><li>water is purified using environmentally friendly technology;</li><li>waste has been significantly reduced.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy in Varese Ligure</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Varese Ligure uses a mix of wind, solar, and small-scale hydropower.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> The local authority is now completely self-sustainable as far as electricity is concerned. The establishment of wind and PV plants reduce CO2 emission approximately 9.600 kg/year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Wind Power</span><br />There are four wind turbines generator in Varese Ligure.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> Two wind-power generators produce 4 million kWh/year. Other two wind-power generators produce 2 million kWh/year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][6]</sup> Totally 8 million kWh/year of electricity is produced and fed into the local grid managed by Acam, a power company in La Spezia. The wind turbines are located on a ridge 1100 meters above sea level.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAN_tnO7hSI/AAAAAAAAA1A/nqb8-wRwVvU/s1600/wind+power.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 294px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAN_tnO7hSI/AAAAAAAAA1A/nqb8-wRwVvU/s400/wind+power.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477361993415099682" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Wind Turbines Generator in Varese Ligure: a)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8] </sup>b)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Photovoltaic (PV)</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> The town hall has 102 PV panels covering 95 m<sup>2</sup> and generating 12,700 kWh/year,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> which supplies 98% of the total energy consumption of the building. Varese’s secondary school has 39 PV panels covering 36 m<sup>2</sup> and producing 4,600 kWh/year,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][6]</sup> which supplies 62% of the energy used.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Solar Power</span><br />In Varese Ligure, the town’s swimming pool is heated by solar power.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Wood Pellet Stoves</span><br />A program to promote the utilization of wood pellet stoves is in the works.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Finances</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The wind farm with a total of 1.800,00 € was financed by EU and regional funds (30%) as well as by private investments (60%). The PV installation with a total of 155.000 € was funded by regional and local funds.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Benefits of Renewable Energy Development</span><br />There are some benefits gained through the sustainable development in Varese Ligure:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The energy network through added jobs, and an additional 350,000 euros [US $514,000] in revenues which are handed over to the council each year.</li><li>Varese has a six-fold increase in tourists in the last ten years (up to 2007). Many of them are coming just to see its renewable energy network.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Achievements</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][7]</sup><div style="text-align: justify;"> <ul><li>In October 1999: Varese Ligure become the first ISO 14001 certified Italian local authority.</li><li>In November 1999: the first European EMAS-registered local authority.</li><li>In January 2004: “Best rural EU-local authority for the promotion of renewable energy” at the European conference on RES in Berlin. </li></ul> </div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Varese Ligure Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.comune.vareseligure.sp.it/">http://www.comune.vareseligure.sp.it/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.<br /></li><li>10,000 case alimentate ad energia eolica: Ecco Varesa Ligure. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iASxZCm6zQM">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iASxZCm6zQM</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Preisverleihung 2003 durch die Kommission für die besten europäischen Projekte auf dem Gebiet der erneuerbaren Energien. <a href="http://www.soltherm.org/download/CTO%20Award%202003/Final%20Press%20Release%20CTO%202003%20DE.pdf">http://www.soltherm.org/download/CTO%20Award%202003/Final%20Press%20Release%20CTO%202003%20DE.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Once in seemingly terminal decline, the Ligurian community of Varese Ligure is thriving like never before; and all because of one man's vision of organic agriculture and sustainable energy. <a href="http://www.giovannadunmall.com/pdf/giovanna_dunmall-art024.pdf">http://www.giovannadunmall.com/pdf/giovanna_dunmall-art024.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>DEEP - Dissemination of Energy Efficiency Measures in the Public Buildings Sector. Good Practice and framework assessment in public authorities for the procurement of green electricity. <a href="http://www.iclei-europe.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Procurement/DEEP/Project_Results/WP2_Good_Practice_Report_on_electricity.pdf">http://www.iclei-europe.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Procurement/DEEP/Project_Results/WP2_Good_Practice_Report_on_electricity.pdf</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy Powers Italian Town and Its Economy. <a href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2007/12/renewable-energy-powers-italian-town-and-its-economy-50863">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2007/12/renewable-energy-powers-italian-town-and-its-economy-50863</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Good Practice Example. <a href="http://www.greenlabelspurchase.net/Varese-Ligure.html">http://www.greenlabelspurchase.net/Varese-Ligure.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Varese Ligure. <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varese_Ligure">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varese_Ligure</a>. Accessed April 14th, 2010.</li><li>Case Study: Varese Ligure towards 100% Renewable. <a href="http://www.procuraplus.org/fileadmin/template/projects/procuraplus/files/CD-ROM/Case_Studies/Electricity_Varese_Ligure_Italy_01.pdf">http://www.procuraplus.org/fileadmin/template/projects/procuraplus/files/CD-ROM/Case_Studies/Electricity_Varese_Ligure_Italy_01.pdf</a>. Accessed January 05, 2010.</li><li>Carta. <a href="http://www.agricella.com/immagini/carta.jpg">http://www.agricella.com/immagini/carta.jpg</a>. Accessed May 31, 2010.</li><li>Karte. <a href="http://www.welt-atlas.de/datenbank/karten/karte-1-233.gif">http://www.welt-atlas.de/datenbank/karten/karte-1-233.gif</a>. Accessed May 31, 2010.</li><li>Italy Map. <a href="http://www.pure-adventures.com/book-a-hotel/images/italy-map.gif">http://www.pure-adventures.com/book-a-hotel/images/italy-map.gif</a>. Accessed May 31, 2010.</li><li>Italian Town Runs On 100% Renewable Power. <a href="http://www.metaefficient.com/renewable-power/italian-town-runs-on-100-renewable-power.html">http://www.metaefficient.com/renewable-power/italian-town-runs-on-100-renewable-power.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li><li>Varese Ligure 100% Sustainable. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/energy/idae_site/deploy/prj083/prj083_1.html">http://ec.europa.eu/energy/idae_site/deploy/prj083/prj083_1.html</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.<br /></li><li>Varese Ligure towards 100% Renewable - Photo Sharing. <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/pepesec/3257569275/in/set-72157613435032700/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/pepesec/3257569275/in/set-72157613435032700/</a>. Accessed April 14, 2010.</li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-9124931274331897872010-03-28T03:33:00.001-07:002010-07-03T06:06:48.691-07:00Regional Council of Lapland, Finland<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Regional Council of Lapland, renewable energy in Lapland regional council.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br />Lapland is one of the regions in Finland. The municipalities in the province cooperate in a Regional Council. It borders the Region of North Ostrobothnia in the south and also to the Gulf of Bothnia, Norbotten County in Sweden, Finmark County, Troms County in Norway, and Murmansk Oblast in Russia. The location of Lapland can be viewed in Figure 1.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TC79UasFzoI/AAAAAAAAA6A/x7C8IFsdedU/s1600/Lapland.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 277px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TC79UasFzoI/AAAAAAAAA6A/x7C8IFsdedU/s400/Lapland.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5489603523014676098" border="0" /></a></div></div>Figure 1. Lapland in Finland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Lapland is home of 3.6% Finland population. It is the least densely populated area in the country. Its regional capital is Rovaniemi. It is also one of the biggest town in Lapland. Other biggest town are Kemi and Tornio. In 2009, Lapland has a population of 183,748 inhabitants. The 21 municipalities of Lapland are organized into a single region, the Lapland Regional Council.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Lapland's self sufficiency in electricity production is slightly more than needed. In 2009, renewable energy has already accounted for over 90% of all electricity produced in the region of Lapland.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities (AFLRA)</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This association represents the towns and municipalities of Finland. The association calls upon local authorities to (some points related to renewable energy development):<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>explore renewable energy potential and select the technically and economically most viable options from the broad range of renewable energy sources: wind energy, wood, biogas, ground heat, recycled fuels, and solar energy. Local authorities regardless of their size can make more investments in renewable energy.</li><li>apply energy efficiency measures and save energy. Local authorities can seek support for their efforts by signing an Energy Efficiency Agreement with the Ministry of Employment and the Economy, or by joining the local government energy programme managed, by Motiva, a Finnish company providing expert services in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy.</li><li>consider climate issues from a regional viewpoint when organizing land use, transport, energy supply, waste management and services.</li><li>always consider what impact procurement will have on climate, energy efficiency and the environment, and to incorporate criteria related to these issues in the calls for tenders.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Development of Renewable Energy</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Background</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Global climate and energy strategy has not successful. It is the time to act locally and find the best practices to get forward. The local government policy of the Greens was based on some following positions from the Greens in the Finnish local elections on the 26th of October 2008 (some points related to energy):<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><ul><li>responsibility for the climate change belongs to everyone</li><li>new nuclear power plants or uranium mines are unnecessary<br /></li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Vision</span><br />Sustainability and self-sufficiency are Lapland's commonly energy visions.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Objective</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>To utilize Lapland's large energy resources in order that Lappish knowledge and regional economy will develop and energy solutions support Lapland's vitality.</li><li>Lapland’s own know-how and business activities are supported so that in the future Lapland will be known for its role as a developer and user of energy production and saving solutions which are suitable for northern conditions.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">District Climate and Energy Strategy</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">- Municipal Sector in Action</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In Finland in 2005 around 15% of the electricity demand was produced decentralized by municipal power plants. The municipal share of district heating production was approximately 80% and the yearly carbon dioxide emissions from the energy production of the twelve largest cities make up 15% of the total emission in Finland. There is coming an areal (5 municipalities) strategy in Sea-Lapland (Figure 2). Started in January 2009.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TC8b6nYwzBI/AAAAAAAAA6Q/L9FH7vfG9XM/s1600/district+climate+and+energy+strategy.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 397px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TC8b6nYwzBI/AAAAAAAAA6Q/L9FH7vfG9XM/s400/district+climate+and+energy+strategy.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5489637164607130642" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. District climate and energy strategy in Sea-Lapland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">The National Climate and Energy Strategies</span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The third Finnish national climate and energy strategy was completed in autumn 2008. EU standards in it. Total energy 310 TWh.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><ul><li>Total energy down (1 time) by efficiency and saving</li><li>16% reduced emissions (traffic + agriculture + buildings)</li><li>Renewable energy is needed 30 TWh more in 2020: biomass 50% (Combined Heat and Power); wind power 6% (Electricity); ground heat (buildings).</li></ul>Money to investments (40 - 60%) and secure feed-in tariff for wind power and biogas.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Efficiency and Agreements 2008 - 2016</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><ul><li>The agreement primarily aims to improve energy efficiency.</li><li>” …the public sector plays an exemplary role in the promotion of energy saving”, EU directive, goal 9%.</li><li>>58% of Finnish municipalities are in. Tornio isn’t.<br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">Coverage of energy conservation agreements in Finland at the end of 2005 can be viewed in Figure 3.</div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TC8iG3U0tjI/AAAAAAAAA6Y/b4DUG8lFJQQ/s1600/energy+conservation+in+Finland+by+2005.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 252px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TC8iG3U0tjI/AAAAAAAAA6Y/b4DUG8lFJQQ/s400/energy+conservation+in+Finland+by+2005.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5489643972113774130" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Coverage of energy conservation agreements in Finland by the end of 2005<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in Lapland</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">With abundant energy sources, Lapland have long enabled to produce energy for its own needs and for the rest of Finland. Lapland utilizes a plenty of hydro-power, local wood fuels, peat and waste liquor from forest industry (Figure 4). In industry, heat generated is used for its own production and in population centers, it is supplied to the district heat networks. Distribution of electricity consumption in Lapland can be viewed in Figure 5.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><ul><li>Energy production is 12 TWh/180,000 inhabitants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></li><li>Energy intensive industry (steel and paper), 70% of all use.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></li><li>Electricity production >104%.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></li><li>Renewable energy enough for own use (in 2009 is 91%).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7o8YS0HPJI/AAAAAAAAAdY/PURisbUkKfc/s1600/Energy+balance+in+power+and+heat+production+in+Lapland+2007.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 241px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7o8YS0HPJI/AAAAAAAAAdY/PURisbUkKfc/s400/Energy+balance+in+power+and+heat+production+in+Lapland+2007.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456740286577720466" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Energy balance in power and heat production in Lapland, 2007<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7pBRQ6GGBI/AAAAAAAAAdo/bOW4LIaMWOo/s1600/Distribution+of+electricity+consumption+in+Lapland,+2007.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 204px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7pBRQ6GGBI/AAAAAAAAAdo/bOW4LIaMWOo/s400/Distribution+of+electricity+consumption+in+Lapland,+2007.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456745663364995090" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Distribution of electricity consumption in Lapland, 2007<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /></div> <ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Financing Innovations Case Lapland. <a href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4G2IXWpR5goJ:www.rapidenetwork.eu/events/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3D9d4e12d9-ca16-42fc-8177-addcc3310767%26version%3D-1+renewable+energy+in+regional+council+of+lapland,+finland&hl=de&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjRPidIoaUSUOnetKLB1JGrf_Ljf082fE97mxy6xBDnYB71qeQRkQyTkIdxL1PwZTRX3u72_wKThJcDh-c8phNRzpYO2Zhvr4664Fmvq20q1c0jYc6s-gYZs_QhhDoN82dRH3NM&sig=AHIEtbQSzyJEeKVkw8iA16HbK67esctNFA">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4G2IXWpR5goJ:www.rapidenetwork.eu/events/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3D9d4e12d9-ca16-42fc-8177-addcc3310767%26version%3D-1+renewable+energy+in+regional+council+of+lapland,+finland&hl=de&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjRPidIoaUSUOnetKLB1JGrf_Ljf082fE97mxy6xBDnYB71qeQRkQyTkIdxL1PwZTRX3u72_wKThJcDh-c8phNRzpYO2Zhvr4664Fmvq20q1c0jYc6s-gYZs_QhhDoN82dRH3NM&sig=AHIEtbQSzyJEeKVkw8iA16HbK67esctNFA</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Wind Project in Finnish Lapland Planned. <a href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/09/wind-project-in-finnish-lapland-planned?cmpid=rss">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/09/wind-project-in-finnish-lapland-planned?cmpid=rss</a>. Accessed July 02, 2010.<br /></li><li>Finnish Companies to Develop Wind Farms. <a href="http://www.rechargenews.com/energy/wind/article187958.ece">http://www.rechargenews.com/energy/wind/article187958.ece</a>. Accessed July 02, 2010.</li><li>Reindeer Concerns a Problem for Lapland Wind Farm. <a href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/291012">http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/291012</a>. Accessed July 02, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol><li style="text-align: justify;">Lapland (Finland). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_%28Finland%29">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_%28Finland%29</a>. Accessed April 5, 2010.<br /></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Finland_main_en. <a href="http://www.elproject.ru/images/Finland/pic/finland_main_en.jpg">http://www.elproject.ru/images/Finland/pic/finland_main_en.jpg</a>. Accessed July 03, 2010.<br /></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Lapland's Energy Strategy. <a href="http://www.lapinliitto.fi/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=53864&name=DLFE-3203.pdf">http://www.lapinliitto.fi/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=53864&name=DLFE-3203.pdf</a>. Accessed January 5, 2010.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Lapland, Finland. <a href="http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/279/279803.pdf">http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/279/279803.pdf</a>. Accessed April 18, 2010.</li></ol><br /></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-31757742850392911502010-03-28T03:01:00.001-07:002010-06-23T09:16:21.033-07:00Isle of Eigg, Scotland<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Isle of Eigg, renewable energy in Isle of Eigg.</span><br /><br /><br />The island of Eigg is a small island in Scotland.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> It locates in the south of the Skye and to the north of Ardnamurchan peninsula. This island is 9 km long from north to south, and 5 km from east to west. The area is 31 km<sup>2</sup><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2] </sup>and the population in 2009 is over 80 people.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hQQ6XzF1I/AAAAAAAAAcY/S4hR7wMM_qo/s1600/CEIGG_G1.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 325px; height: 324px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hQQ6XzF1I/AAAAAAAAAcY/S4hR7wMM_qo/s400/CEIGG_G1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456199200036558674" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Location of Eigg in United Kingdom<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Current Status</span><br />Eigg is <span>the World's first self sufficiency island.</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Isle of Eigg is a model of energy self sufficient island, because all electricity made locally (Figure 2). The inhabitants have managed to generate all the energy consumed which combines solar energy, wind energy (Figure 3), and hydro power.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hA4SZp4sI/AAAAAAAAAcI/D1gUOi4j9-8/s1600/CEIGG_P1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 325px; height: 243px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hA4SZp4sI/AAAAAAAAAcI/D1gUOi4j9-8/s400/CEIGG_P1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456182284315648706" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. <span class="photoCutline">Residents of the Isle of Eigg utilize renewable energy sources<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span></div><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hRXMhU7aI/AAAAAAAAAcg/jeZSCBOwyOY/s1600/CEIGG_P4.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 186px; height: 250px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hRXMhU7aI/AAAAAAAAAcg/jeZSCBOwyOY/s400/CEIGG_P4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456200407499206050" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"> </div> </div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Wind Turbines in Eigg<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span></div><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span>Before the development of renewable energy, electric service was spotty. Residents mostly relied on noisy, expensive diesel generators or mini-hydroelectric generators. But since February 1, Eigg has switched on its own continuous, clean, and renewable energy supply. Now, the islanders enjoy luxuries of modern living that mainlanders take for granted.<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Self-Supply System</span><br />The self-supply system is built to generate 95% energy that the island needs. The system is equipped with a storage battery system and two diesel generators in case of emergency. It took 10 years to finish the project which was completed on February 2009. 45 houses are connected to the system, 6 buildings and 20 shops along 10 miles are covered by the system (Figure 4). The houses have access to 5 kW and the business 10 kW. 5 kW is less than half of energy of a house in the United States has access to<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> and one-half to two-thirds of the amount used by a household in Britain. Islander can add the electricity ration with a diesel generator or heat from a wood stove. If the islanders use too much electricity and trip up the system, they will have to pay £20 ($40) to be switched on again. All of these conditions were agreed to by the residents.<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7eh1b7OgpI/AAAAAAAAAb4/bGw2bphxlx8/s1600/isla-autosuficiente.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7eh1b7OgpI/AAAAAAAAAb4/bGw2bphxlx8/s400/isla-autosuficiente.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456007412983956114" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Houses in Issle of Eigg, Scotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Project Starting Point</span><br />The project starting point has a correlation with the history of the island. For centuries, the entire island has been owned by a series single landowners. It means, the residents only could rental without having opportunity to own the island. The residents only could survive. In 1996, the exasperated islanders teamed up to buy the island for themselves. Donation are collected from across Britain up to Detroit. June 1997, the islanders took ownership of Eigg. In the following years, they built a new jetty, renovated the village hall, school, shop, tearoom (Figure 5), and the last was created the new electrical grid<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></span> after the commissioned of feasibility studies in 2006.<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hSXf31kYI/AAAAAAAAAco/UoNur8DaG1I/s1600/CEIGG_P3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 325px; height: 239px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hSXf31kYI/AAAAAAAAAco/UoNur8DaG1I/s400/CEIGG_P3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456201512205521282" border="0" /></a></div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Tearoom: <span class="photoCutline">Residents gather at the island’s tearoom to wait for the ferry, and parcels from the mainland</span><span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Development of the System</span><br />There are many parties involved from starting point of the development of renewable energy up to Eigg became energy self sufficiency island. Started from islanders, investors, Eigg Electric, and the Island of Eigg Heritage Trust.<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">The Island of Eigg Heritage Trust</span><br />It is a a company limited by guarantee, and a registered Scottish charity. The Trust has three members, Eigg Residents' Association, The Highland Council and The Scottish Wildlife Trust. Each of these members appoints directors to the board of the Trust. On 12th June 2007, they celebrated 10 years of ownership.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> The electrification in Eigg began after members of the Island of Eigg Heritage Trust commissioned feasibility studies on the best way of connecting islanders to one main power grid.<span class="photoCutline"><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Eigg Electricity Ltd.</span><br />Eigg Electricity Ltd. is one of subsidiary companies of the Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> This company, during the development of electrification from renewable energy, appointed a project manager and partnered with an electrical company from the mainland. Eigg Electric co-director, John Booth (Figure 6) led the push of self sufficiency. John Booth is a retired industrial relations consultant from England who moved to the island in 2000 with his wife to renovate an old house. When the idea for the project was executed, he made himself as a full-time volunteer. No one knew if the grid would really work. Booth said, "We did our homework, and when we came up against something we didn't know, we went back to the physics books."<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hPWmu0FzI/AAAAAAAAAcQ/K_aj1O1axxA/s1600/CEIGG_P2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 205px; height: 250px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7hPWmu0FzI/AAAAAAAAAcQ/K_aj1O1axxA/s400/CEIGG_P2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456198198331971378" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="photoCutline">Figure 6. John Booth, beside one of the island's photovoltaic panels</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Project Cost and Fair Pricing System</span><br />Overall budget have been spent was more than $8 million dollars. $3.2 million dollars was raised from investors. This fund come from many sources, including the European Union Regional Development Fund, Britain's National Lottery, the Scottish government, and also local and regional government programs.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br />This system is expensive due to they had to tap the mainland's power grid through an underwater cable. In fact, none of them islanders, said it is too expensive and a waste of taxpayers' money. The islanders prefer to generate electricity from renewable than nuclear power.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br />According to Booth, the benefits of Eigg's green power outweigh the cost. Renewable energy doesn't risk becoming much more expensive, unlike the diesel fuel used to power the old generators. Islanders also say their pricing system is fairer. The system has a much more social aspect. Everybody is allocated the same amount of electricity, so everybody pays the same. That way everyone benefits.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul><li>Welcome to Eigg: The World's First Fully Self Sufficiency Island. <a href="http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/welcome-to-eigg/index.shtml">http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/welcome-to-eigg/index.shtml</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.</li><li>Eigg's Green Revolution. <a href="http://jmtcommunities.blogspot.com/2009/05/eiggs-green-revolution-guest.html">http://jmtcommunities.blogspot.com/2009/05/eiggs-green-revolution-guest.html</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Scottish Isle of Eigg Wins Energy Prize. <a href="http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php%3Fid=3712.html">http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php%3Fid=3712.html</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Laird who Deluded himself with an Action for Libel. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/may/20/jamiewilson1">http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/may/20/jamiewilson1</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol><li>Eigg, The World's First Self Sufficient Island. <a href="http://www.gstriatum.com/solarenergy/2009/03/eigg-the-worlds-first-self-sufficient-island/">http://www.gstriatum.com/solarenergy/2009/03/eigg-the-worlds-first-self-sufficient-island/</a>. Accessed August 23, 2009.</li><li>Eigg. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigg</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.<br /></li><li>Isle of Eigg a Model of Energy Self-Sufficiency - On the Scenic Island of Scotland, All Electricity is Made Locally. <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2008/0327/p13s01-sten.html">http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2008/0327/p13s01-sten.html</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.<br /></li><li>Isle of Eigg a Model of Energy Self-Sufficiency - On the Scenic Island of Scotland, All Electricity is Made Locally (Page 2 of 2). <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2008/0327/p13s01-sten.html/%28page%29/2">http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2008/0327/p13s01-sten.html/%28page%29/2</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li><li>The Isle of Eigg Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.isleofeigg.net/welcome/welcome_frame2.htm">http://www.isleofeigg.net/welcome/welcome_frame2.htm</a>. Accessed April 3, 2010.</li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-20636274466450504232010-03-28T02:55:00.000-07:002010-05-23T07:19:14.956-07:00Polana Region, Slovakia<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"><span>Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Polana Region, renewable energy in Polana Region.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Polana is a small mountain in central Slovakia (Figure 1). This region is located in the northeast of Slovakia's low mountain range (Figure 2) which is original volcanic. The highest top is Mount Polana - an extinct stratovolcano - at 1,458 m.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-cRQlunr1I/AAAAAAAAApA/247VbY-1p-s/s1600/Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 204px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-cRQlunr1I/AAAAAAAAApA/247VbY-1p-s/s400/Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469359249167986514" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Polana Region in Slovakia<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-coMHhSXvI/AAAAAAAAApg/grIMS-5ftrU/s1600/image001.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-coMHhSXvI/AAAAAAAAApg/grIMS-5ftrU/s400/image001.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469384461106962162" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Polana Region in the northeast of Slovakia's low mountain range<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Biomass for Polana Region - Slovak NGO SF Project</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 2003, Slovak NGO CEPA (Friends of the Earth Slovakia) decided to realize a renewable energy development project in region which biomass potential was not used and coal was the predominant fuel.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3] </sup>This region had been chosen in order to protect its values and assist in the sustainable use of its potential. Polana Region represents a typical rural region of Slovakia that stagnates economically in spite of its unique natural and cultural values. The region is formed by four neighboring micro-regions adjacent to the Polana UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4] </sup>Ultimate goal of the project was <span style="" lang="EN-US">to increase the level of economical self sufficiency at rural communities through the <span class="SpellE">utilisation</span> of local biomass in public buildings</span>.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biomass Potential in the Region</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Due to its unique location in central Slovakia with large forest area around including several wood processing industrial facilities, there is a huge biomass potential. Annual waste wood resources in region were estimated as following</span>:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Annual Biomass Potential in the Region<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-cyL2pBuJI/AAAAAAAAApo/uqtnleecGZw/s1600/biomass+potential.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 61px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-cyL2pBuJI/AAAAAAAAApo/uqtnleecGZw/s400/biomass+potential.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469395451692300434" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-clQ1y1MbI/AAAAAAAAApI/l8f0rODsMVQ/s1600/image003.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-clQ1y1MbI/AAAAAAAAApI/l8f0rODsMVQ/s400/image003.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469381243713171890" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Diagram of Preparation, Storage, and Fuel Distribution<br /><span id="result_box" class="medium_text"><span style="" title="">The project "Reconstruction of boiler municipal buildings in the neighborhood of Bansk</span></span><span id="result_box" class="medium_text"><span style="" title="">á</span></span><span id="result_box" class="medium_text"><span style="" title=""> Bystrica, Association of Bioenergy Bystrická</span></span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-czqtfJ_CI/AAAAAAAAApw/z7NBrtNTGJk/s1600/project+organizational+scheme.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-czqtfJ_CI/AAAAAAAAApw/z7NBrtNTGJk/s400/project+organizational+scheme.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469397081322552354" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Project Organizational Scheme<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Municipalities and Facilities to be Covered by Biomass Heat</span><br />Municipalities and their heat consumption to be covered by the project were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 2. Municipalities Covered by the Project<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-c2_UvKj-I/AAAAAAAAAp4/2M86OvYjYo8/s1600/municipalities+covered+by+the+project.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 158px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-c2_UvKj-I/AAAAAAAAAp4/2M86OvYjYo8/s400/municipalities+covered+by+the+project.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469400733990948834" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Facilities to be covered by the new biomass heat include municipal office, nursery, primary school – old and new buildings, gymnasium, store, pub nursery, old and new <span class="SpellE">curias</span>, cultural center, food store, and health center in the village of <span class="SpellE">Hrochot</span>.</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Project Cost</span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">Table 3. Project Cost<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-c5HmBgLpI/AAAAAAAAAqA/XcjVI91kgIc/s1600/project+cost.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 250px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-c5HmBgLpI/AAAAAAAAAqA/XcjVI91kgIc/s400/project+cost.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469403075093474962" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Expected Outcomes</span><br />Some outcomes expected from the project were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Modernization</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> of 17 old heating plants providing heat for 42 public buildings (total heat capacity 4.34 MW)</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Guarantee of long term safe heating source</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Fuel cost reduction up to 57% (money will stay in the region)</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Price of heat reduction for 1 GJ will be less than 17% in comparison to the largest heat provider in the region</span></li><li><span style="">CO2 <span class="SpellE">emission</span> <span class="SpellE">reduction</span> by 1,705 <span class="SpellE">tons</span> <span class="SpellE">annually</span></span></li><li><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Annual</span></span><span style=""> <span class="SpellE">biomass</span> <span class="SpellE">fuel</span> <span class="SpellE">consumption</span> <span class="SpellE">will</span> <span class="SpellE">be</span> <span class="SpellE">fully</span> <span class="SpellE">covered</span><span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">from</span> <span class="SpellE">local</span> <span class="SpellE">sources</span> (3,129 <span class="SpellE">tons</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">wood</span> <span class="SpellE">chips</span> + 148 <span class="SpellE">tons</span> <span class="SpellE">wood</span> <span class="SpellE">logs</span>)</span></li><li><span style="">10 new <span class="SpellE">jobs</span> <span class="SpellE">will</span> <span class="SpellE">be</span> <span class="SpellE">created</span></span></li><li><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Utilization</span></span><span style=""> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">buildings</span> <span class="SpellE">where</span> <span class="SpellE">its</span> <span class="SpellE">use</span> <span class="SpellE">was</span> <span class="SpellE">restricted</span> <span class="SpellE">during</span> <span class="SpellE">heating</span> <span class="SpellE">winter</span> <span class="SpellE">season</span> <span class="SpellE">due</span> to <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">bad</span> <span class="SpellE">technical</span> <span class="SpellE">condition</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">heating</span> <span class="SpellE">plants</span> (<span class="SpellE">very</span> <span class="SpellE">old</span> <span class="SpellE">plants</span>)</span></li><li><span class="SpellE">Regional</span> <span class="SpellE">partnership</span> <span class="SpellE">among</span> <span class="SpellE">villages</span> <span class="SpellE">creates</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">appropriate</span> model <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">other</span> <span class="SpellE">similar</span> <span class="SpellE">regions</span></li><li><span class="SpellE">Inspiring</span> <span class="SpellE">example</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">revival</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">local</span> <span class="SpellE">economy</span></li><li><span class="SpellE">Alternative</span> to <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">large</span> <span class="SpellE">centralized</span> <span class="SpellE">energy</span> <span class="SpellE">oriented</span> <span class="SpellE">projects</span> <span class="SpellE">financed</span> <span class="SpellE">through</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">structural</span> <span class="SpellE">funds</span></li></ul><span class="SpellE"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Fuel Preparation and Storage</span><br />Expected total annual consumption was 2,160 tons of wood chips</span>:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><ol><li>Lubietova Saw-mill: wood-chips 960 tons and saw dust 400 tons</li><li>Poniky Saw-mill: wood scraps 400 tons and saw dust 400 tons<br /></li></ol><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-cl63WtMXI/AAAAAAAAApY/Ie63C7F0yts/s1600/image016.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 260px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-cl63WtMXI/AAAAAAAAApY/Ie63C7F0yts/s400/image016.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469381965686583666" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Saw-mill in the Region<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Progress of the Project</span><br />Some steps realized were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">P</span><span style="" lang="EN-US">reparation of project intention (started at 2003)</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Investigation of interests on community level</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Provisional analysis (energy audits, studies)</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Information exchange, <span class="SpellE">communication</span> with responsible persons on communal level</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Co-operation with expert <span class="SpellE">organizations</span></span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Technical proposal for biomass heating plant</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">establishment of cooperative organization "<span class="SpellE">Bioenergia</span> <span class="SpellE">Bystricko</span>"</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Project proposal - Financial part</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Public procurement - selection of supplier</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Project preparation and application for funding from Structural funds (Operating plan Basic infrastructure, Measure 2.2) in 2006. Project approved but not financed</span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN-US">Project updating for new <span class="SpellE">programing</span> period in 2008</span></li></ul><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Na záver Jana Kunická (Servisné centrum pre mikroregión Podpoľanie) priblížila hlavné úlohy organizácie." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Finally Jana Kunický (Service Center for microregion Podpoľanie) approached the main tasks of the organization. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Obce mikroregiónu spravidla nemajú dostatočné kapacity pre vytváranie projektov, rozvojová koncepcia je nesúrodá a správa verejných financií neefektívna." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Microregion villages do not have sufficient capacity to create projects, development concept is a disparate and inefficient management of public finances. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Servisné centrum poskytuje samosprávam pomocnú ruku pri koordinácii finančnej pomoci z fondov EÚ i štátnych dotačných mechanizmov." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Service Center provides local governments by helping to coordinate financial aid from EU funds and state subsidy arrangements. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Servisné centrum získalo finančný grant na svoju činnosť z Nórskeho finančného mechanizmu a zo štátneho rozpočtu SR." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Service Center received financial grant for its activities from the Norwegian Financial Mechanism and the state budget. In February 25th, 2010, CEPA (Civic Association Friends of the Earth) organized a conference </span></span><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Konferenciu “Príklady dobrej praxe: koordinované využívanie fondov EÚ v oblasti energetiky” organizovalo 25." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"Good Practice: the coordinated use of EU funds in the energy sector"</span></span><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Servisné centrum získalo finančný grant na svoju činnosť z Nórskeho finančného mechanizmu a zo štátneho rozpočtu SR." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> in Zvolen.</span></span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Servisné centrum získalo finančný grant na svoju činnosť z Nórskeho finančného mechanizmu a zo štátneho rozpočtu SR." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"><br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul><li>Friends of the Earth CEPA - Annual Report 2006. <a href="http://www.priateliazeme.sk/cepa/pdf/foe-cepa_annual_report2006.pdf">http://www.priateliazeme.sk/cepa/pdf/foe-cepa_annual_report2006.pdf</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Friends of the Earth CEPA - Annual Report 2008. <a href="http://www.priateliazeme.sk/cepa/pdf/VS2008_angl_web.pdf">http://www.priateliazeme.sk/cepa/pdf/VS2008_angl_web.pdf</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li></ul><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Servisné centrum získalo finančný grant na svoju činnosť z Nórskeho finančného mechanizmu a zo štátneho rozpočtu SR." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Konferenciu “Príklady dobrej praxe: koordinované využívanie fondov EÚ v oblasti energetiky” organizovalo 25." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"></span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Poľana. <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEana"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEana</span></a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Polana. <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Polana.png">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Polana.png</a>. Accessed January 5, 2010.</li><li>Biomass for Polana Region. <a href="http://www.inforse.org/europe/fae/Biomass%20for%20Polana%20region.htm">http://www.inforse.org/europe/fae/Biomass%20for%20Polana%20region.htm</a>. Accessed January 5, 2010.</li><li>Kedy bude Poľana energeticky sebestačná?. <a href="http://www.euractiv.sk/regionalny-rozvoj/clanok/kedy-bude-polana-energeticky-sebestacna-video-014678">http://www.euractiv.sk/regionalny-rozvoj/clanok/kedy-bude-polana-energeticky-sebestacna-video-014678</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-84952382721411018762010-03-28T02:52:00.001-07:002010-06-23T08:50:51.086-07:00Prince Edward Island, Canada<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Prince Edward Island, renewable energy in Prince Edward Island.<br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest and greenest province.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> It is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, off the Atlantic Coast of the Canadian mainland (Figure 1). One of the four Atlantic Provinces, this crescent shaped Island is separated from the mainland by the Northumberland Strait. The Island is location at 46º degrees latitude, -63º degrees longitude.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The province is also called 'PEI' or simply 'the Island'. The capital city is Charlottetown. In July 2009, the province's population was estimated to be 140,985. This represents a 1.1% growth since 2008.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-faDoQ1t_I/AAAAAAAAAqQ/rxIvxjNONXY/s1600/Prince+Edward+Island.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 176px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-faDoQ1t_I/AAAAAAAAAqQ/rxIvxjNONXY/s400/Prince+Edward+Island.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469580028347267058" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Prince Edward Island<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3][4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Background of Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are many reasons behind the development of renewable energy in Prince Edward Island (PEI):<br /><ol><li>The island does not have substantial resources of fossil fuels, hydro, or nuclear energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5][6]</sup> Due to this situation, PEI has to import the energy needed through two submarine cables which was installed in 1977. It makes the island had the highest cost of electricity among Canadian Province. High energy cost also were an obstacle to the development of the Province's full economic potential in the last century.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup></li><li>Importing oil products and electricity makes PEI consumers and residents particularly vulnerable to fossil fuel price volatility and supply disruptions.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5] </sup>In 1997, one of the cable was out of service for a month. It made the supply at risk. The Island has also experienced the loss of lower-priced surplus energy from off-island occasionally when the energy was needed elsewhere. Even Maritime Electric was able to generate replacement electricity from its oil-fired power plant, but it’s clear that there is a need for a more competitively priced of energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li><li>Increasing the use of renewable sources of energy is an excellent way to reduce the cost of Kyoto Protocol. In Canada, each year since 1990 emissions have continued to grow, the actual reduction will have to be as much as 30% below what would have been emitted in 2012 if no action were taken.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li><li>The need to find secure energy sources. The island depends upon large amounts of energy which are currently available primarily from oil products. Energy prices are not likely to stabilize. On the other hand, renewable energy tends to be local energy, therefore, prices are less likely to be impacted by unforeseen events.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li></ol><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Role of Renewable Energy</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Development of renewable energy is important for some reasons:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Renewable fuels can be grown or produced on PEI to reduce off-Island dependence;</li><li>Renewable fuels are less damaging to the environment;</li><li>Pursuing renewables is consistent with the Island’s orientation toward sustainability;</li><li>Developing technologies and local experience provide opportunities for Island business;</li><li>Environmental credits may provide local firms competitive advantage;</li><li>Renewables offer potential price stability due to diversity of supply.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Progress</span><br />In the late 1980s, generating electricity from wood biomass was previously evaluated by the Province. Several biomass energy projects were developed by Government in the 1980s and early 1990s, including the Charlottetown District Heating System.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> The Charlottetown District Heating System was developed by the Prince Edward Island (PEI) Energy Corporation.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5] </sup>It was concluded, at that time, that the cost of generating power from this fuel source was prohibitive.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br />In 1980, the Atlantic Wind Test Site (AWTS) was established at North Cape and funded by Natural Resources Canada and the Prince Edward Island (PEI) Energy Corporation. AWTS, which serves as a primary source of technical information for the public and private sectors, has conducted extensive research on wind turbines. It is the home of Canada’s only wind energy testing facility. In November 2001, the PEI Energy Corporation commissioned the North Cape Wind Farm on property adjacent to AWTS. In 2003, the Energy Corporation has plans to double the size of the wind farm to 10.56 MW. As a result of these improvements, by the end of 2003, the capacity of the North Cape Wind Farm will have increased to a total of 13.3 MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In June 2003, the Prince Edward Island (PEI) Energy Corporation released the Draft PEI Renewable Energy Strategy and hosted six public consultation sessions across the Island. The intent of these meetings was to explain the current energy situation in Prince Edward Island and seek input as to how the Province should incorporate renewable sources into the future energy mix. The results of the sessions and comments received on the Draft PEI Renewable Energy Strategy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In November 2003, Prince Edward Island became the first province to sign a Climate Change Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of Canada. The MOU provides a collaborative structure for the two governments to:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>develop renewable energy technologies including wind energy and wind/hydrogen systems;</li><li>share in the promotion and implementation of energy efficiency practices;</li><li>promote various individual climate change actions;</li><li>develop a climate change adaptation strategy; and</li><li>reduce greenhouse gases within the agriculture sector.<br /></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Government of Prince Edward Island argued that at the outset of energy framework there is a strong link between energy consumption and climate change, so Prince Edward Island’s plans to address climate change could have a significant impact on the province’s overall energy strategy. Due to this reason, during the spring 2004 session of the Legislative Assembly, a Special Committee on Climate Change was struck to seek input from Islanders and make recommendations on a Climate Change Strategy for Prince Edward Island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In June 2004, the Prince Edward Island Department of Environment and Energy released its Energy Framework and Renewable Energy Strategy. This document was input received from interested stakeholders and the general public. The outcome of this consultative approach to the Island’s energy policy development was a list of 19 action items for the government to pursue.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Current Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Today, nearly all of items (a list of 19 action items for the government to pursue) have been accomplished with significant advancements made towards the incorporation of renewable energy (wind power) into the provincial energy mix. The Province of Prince Edward Island (PEI) has developed a North American, if not global, reputation in the development of renewable energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><ul><li>PEI has always been viewed as an innovator in developing, demonstrating and deploying renewable energy systems with due regard for the environment.</li><li>PEI has a strong reputation as a leader in the development of its wind resources with the highest per capita penetration of this renewable energy in its provincial electricity portfolio.</li><li>PEI has been a leader in the use of biomass resources converting waste into thermal energy to heat municipal buildings.<br /></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The renewable energy industries have experienced rapid success. There was overwhelming support expressed during the public meetings for Government to continue support for the development of the renewable energy sector.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Strategy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Renewable Energy Strategy is one component of the Prince Edward Island (PEI) Energy Framework to address future energy demand. It is part of the broader Government initiative to create a sustainable future for the Province of Prince Edward Island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> The provincial government has developed a renewed Provincial Energy Strategy. It consist of new five and ten year energy vision for PEI.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Vision</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The vision is to ensure a prosperous future for residents and businesses of Prince Edward Island based on the objectives of energy security, environmental sustainability and economic development.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Objective</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">To support the vision, the Province of Prince Edward Island has developed objectives (5 and 10 years) with specific government actions (see PEI energy future).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Energy Security: greater self sufficiency; improved price stability; diversity of supply.<br /></li><li>Environmental Sustainability: increased energy efficiency and reduced consumption; renewable energy development; reduced GHG emissions and other pollutants.<br /></li><li>Economic Development: support growth of local industries and new job opportunities; research, development & demonstration of new technologies; strengthen and diversify local economy.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Current Energy Profile</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Without a local supply of natural gas and oil resources, Prince Edward Island (PEI) is heavily reliant on imported sources of energy (Figure 2). Imported oil accounts for 76% of PEI’s total energy supply, 46% for transportation and 30% for heating. 10% of energy in PEI is supplied by biomass, which includes fuel wood, sawmill residue and municipal waste.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup> 14% of the Island’s energy mix is electricity. Wind resources meet approximately 18% of the province’s electricity supply (Figure 3). Oil<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> (petroleum for wind on-island electrical generation)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> and nuclear power<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> (for electricity) supplied by the New Brunswick Power Corporation and imported via two submarine cables.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5][6]</sup> This power, since the early 1980s, has been transmitted virtually across the Northumberland Strait<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> and connected to the mainland.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-j5bTLsWII/AAAAAAAAAqY/UI9tBrEbJ08/s1600/PEI+current+energy+mix.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 374px; height: 134px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-j5bTLsWII/AAAAAAAAAqY/UI9tBrEbJ08/s400/PEI+current+energy+mix.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469895994842568834" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. PEI Current Energy Mix<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-j-OQBpG1I/AAAAAAAAAqg/sX5y_QYH6YU/s1600/PEI+electricity+sales+breakdown.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 325px; height: 196px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-j-OQBpG1I/AAAAAAAAAqg/sX5y_QYH6YU/s400/PEI+electricity+sales+breakdown.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469901268214946642" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Prince Edward Island Electricity Sales Breakdown<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prince Edward Island's Energy Future</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">PEI's energy future outline different courses of government action that will be undertaken. The execution of these actions should lead to a number of anticipated outcomes.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> The expected energy mix by 2013 and 2018 can be viewed in Figure 4 and Figure 5.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">By 2013</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div> <ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>a 10% increase in efficiency across all sectors.</li><li>A total of 500 MW of wind power by 2013, of which 100 MW will be for domestic use.</li><li>A renewable fuel standard for gasoline (E5) and light fuel oil and diesel fuel (B10 or B10 renewable equivalent) would be introduced.</li><li>The environmental impacts of renewable fuel development will be addressed with a concurrent low carbon fuel standard.</li><li>Developing the Province’s abundant biomass resources should result in a 50% increase in biomass use and lead to 10 MW of new electrical generation capacity for Island utilities.</li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-kA2omrCoI/AAAAAAAAAqo/_XF2qiZ7nfg/s1600/PEI+energy+mix+by+2013.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 372px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-kA2omrCoI/AAAAAAAAAqo/_XF2qiZ7nfg/s400/PEI+energy+mix+by+2013.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469904161030736514" border="0" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. PEI Energy Mix by 2013<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">By 2018</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> <ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The Provincial Government will continue to pursue opportunities to increase the efficient use of PEI’s energy resources. It is expected that an additional 10% increase in overall efficiency is an attainable goal and will be achieved through the constant updating of policies and programs across all sectors.</li><li>Incremental wind developments will be possible, most likely through community-based projects, and will be determined by domestic load growth.</li><li>Renewable fuel standards could be increased to help achieve the Island’s environmental goals and GHG reductions (E10 and B20 or renewable equivalent).</li><li>Developments in the effective utilization or biomass resources could result in a 25% increase in use and an additional 10 MW of electrical generation capacity.</li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-kBSzwFUPI/AAAAAAAAAqw/MCKywEGSdkw/s1600/PEI+energy+mix+by+2018.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 203px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-kBSzwFUPI/AAAAAAAAAqw/MCKywEGSdkw/s400/PEI+energy+mix+by+2018.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469904645059334386" border="0" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. PEI Energy Mix by 2018<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Efficiency and Conservation</span><br />There are some progress related to energy efficiency and conservation in Prince Edward Island (PEI). They are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><ul><li>In 2008, PEI’s Department of Energy, Environment and Forestry released a study by the Vermont Energy Investment Corporation (VEIC) that examined the potential of cost-effective energy efficiency initiatives that could reduce energy use and lower greenhouse gas emissions in PEI by 2017.</li><li>The Office of Energy Efficiency (OE) was established in early 2008 to assist Islanders in reducing their energy consumption and minimize the environmental footprint of their daily activities.</li><li>The Provincial Government operates hundreds of vehicles in their fleet and purchasing more fuel-efficient vehicles for the past several years. Two hydrogen-powered buses were added to the fleet in 2007 as a public transit system in Charlottetown.<br /></li></ul>The demonstrated leadership of the Provincial Government in recognizing energy efficiency as a priority resource is a crucial step in the development of energy policy. Large information-based campaigns are effective in promoting awareness but do not often result in sustainable behavioral change.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy in Prince Edward Island</span><br />As have been explained in the background, the implementation of renewable energy development in Prince Edward Island (PEI) is included in rural action plan (a rural economic development strategy for PEI)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> and climate change strategy (a strategy for reducing the impacts of global warming for PEI).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><br /><br /><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wind Energy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Wind is one of the province’s strongest and most valuable natural assets<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup> for Prince Edward Island (PEI), given the favorable wind regime of many areas of the province (Figure 6). Approximately 75% of a wind farm’s cost is related to its initial capital investment. Obviously, the cost of fuel (the wind) will remain unchanged at zero into the future. Wind power thus has the potential to stabilize future electricity prices and provide a measure of energy security.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-k89YULO2I/AAAAAAAAArI/ITfPUdkELX8/s1600/Wind+Resources.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 265px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-k89YULO2I/AAAAAAAAArI/ITfPUdkELX8/s400/Wind+Resources.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469970247614937954" border="0" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;">Figure 6. Wind Atlas<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div> </div> </div><br />There are some site of wind farm in the island, they are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>First wind farm was built at North Cape in 2001 (Figure 7). The North Cape site has since expanded and today supplies 10.56 MW of wind energy to Maritime Electric Company Limited, the province’s main utility.</li><li>3 MW of wind energy comes from the Vestas V-90 turbine—North America’s, first V-90 prototype installed in 2003. It is located just in the south of the North Cape Wind Farm.</li><li>The Energy Corporation developed the Eastern Kings Wind Farm which produces 30 MW of wind energy<br /></li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-k0v1dKIxI/AAAAAAAAAq4/0lsjkkhis5Y/s1600/The+North+Cape+Wind+Farm.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 265px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-k0v1dKIxI/AAAAAAAAAq4/0lsjkkhis5Y/s400/The+North+Cape+Wind+Farm.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469961218826052370" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 7. The North Cape Wind Farm<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br />The private developer, Suez Energy, supplies 9 MW to Maritime Electric from its wind farm in Norway and 9 MW from its West Cape wind farm to the Summerside Electric Utility. Due to that fact, wind energy now is supplying around 18% of the electricity sold in Prince Edward Island. 61.56 MW of wind energy is produced for the Prince Edward Island market. In addition, Suez Energy has begun exporting wind from Prince Edward Island. By the end of 2008, Suez Energy would be exporting 90 MW of wind energy. At that time, Prince Edward Island would have over 150 MW of installed wind capacity and would need a further 350 MW to meet its goal of generating 500 MW of wind power by 2013.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">10 Point Plan</span><br />On October 17, 2008, the Government of Prince Edward Island announced the province’s wind energy strategy entitled "Island Wind Energy, Securing Our Future: The 10 Point Plan". This 10 point plan sets clear ground rules and establishes a fair, open and transparent process for developers.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup> It will help to ensure that wind energy is developed in the best interests of the Island community—and that all Islanders share in the benefits from their wind energy resource:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><ol><li>Maximizing Energy Security, Independence and Price Stability for Islanders.</li><li>Generating Revenue from Green Energy Exports.</li><li>Demonstrating Community Support.</li><li>Building a Collaborative Partnership Approach to Cable and Transmission Planning.</li><li>Maximizing Economic Benefits.</li><li>Promoting Sound Land-Use Planning.</li><li>Assuring Compliance with Environmental Review Processes.</li><li>Promoting Fair and Equitable Land Leases.</li><li>Advancing a Consistent Taxation and Business Support Environment.</li><li>Partnering with Proven Developers.<br /></li></ol><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Solar Technologies</span><br />The pervasive use of solar technologies peaked in the 1970s and early 80s during the first fuel crisis; government grants, incentives, and demonstration systems caused an explosion of growth in Canada. Prince Edward Island (PEI), at one time, had the highest per capita residential use of solar hot water units in the country.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Earth Energy Systems or Geothermal Systems</span><br />20% of the average energy demand in a residential home is for water heating, and most geothermal units include a component to heat water for potable or sanitary use.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Biofuel</span><br />In September 2007, Executive Council established and directed the Environmental and Renewable Industries Committee (ERIC) to examine the potential for local biofuel development. In March 2008 the government established the Inter-Departmental Biofuels Committee (IDBC) to evaluate and advise Government on the role bioenergy projects and proposals (for the province energy future).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biomass</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Ten percent of energy in Prince Edward Island (PEI) is currently supplied by biomass, which includes fuel wood, sawmill residue and municipal waste. PEI Energy Systems in Charlottetown uses municipal waste and wood biomass to supply thermal energy to commercial, residential and institutional buildings in the city. Biomass from forest and agricultural sectors is the most readily available feedstock for biofuel development in PEI. Markets for biomass systems include the residential, commercial and institutional sectors. Tax exemptions, low interest loans and other financial incentives for wood heat systems (wood and wood pellets) has increased the popularity of these systems and resulted in a larger market for wood and wood pellets.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Pure Plant Oils</span><br />Canola and soybeans are currently grown on just over 4% of Prince Edward Island’s (PEI's) cropland. Pure plant oils have a number of applications and potential markets. Canola and waste vegetable oil are already being used in some commercial fleets in PEI.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biodiesel</span><br />Currently, there are limited feedstocks available for the production of biodiesel. Many major diesel engine manufacturers already warrant the use of low-level blends of biodiesel and diesel fuel.The potential market for heating oil is significant, with 76 million litres used each year in Island homes and 62 million litres used in commercial and institutional facilities. Demand for diesel and light fuel oil in the region exceeded 3 billion litres in 2006. At blends of 5 to 20%, the inclusion of biodiesel into heating oil and diesel fuel could create a regional demand for biodiesel exceeding 600 million litres/year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Ethanol</span><br />The current availability of local feedstocks (e.g. corn, wheat, sugar beets) to produce ethanol is limited on Prince Edward Island (PEI). Similar to biodiesel crops, concerns exist around the type of feedstocks for ethanol production and the availability and effect on agricultural land. Current gasoline demand in PEI is 234 million litres (regional demand is 2.5 billion litres). At a 10% ethanol blend, provincial demand for ethanol would be 23 million litres, with regional demand near 250 million litres.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Biogas</span><br />Biogas production is occurring in Prince Edward Island (PEI). Methane is being used on site at wastewater treatment facilities and industrial operations. Several commercial food processors are building bio-digesters fuelled by food processing waste to offset some of their energy costs. The ADAPT Council of PEI is currently investigating the potential for the cost-effective use of biogas in PEI farming operations.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The Government of Prince Edward Island Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/">http://www.gov.pe.ca/</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.<br /></li><li>Island Prosperity. <a href="http://islandprosperity.com/plan.php">http://islandprosperity.com/plan.php</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Innovation and Advance Learning. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/ial/index.php3">http://www.gov.pe.ca/ial/index.php3</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Office of Energy Efficiency. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/oee/">http://www.gov.pe.ca/oee/</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>About Prince Edward Island. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/infopei/index.php3?number=60922&lang=E">http://www.gov.pe.ca/infopei/index.php3?number=60922&lang=E</a>. Accessed May 10, 2010.<br /></li><li>Map: Prince Edward Island. <a href="http://www.tourismpei.com/pei-maps">http://www.tourismpei.com/pei-maps</a>. Accessed May 10, 2010.<br /></li><li>Prince Edward Island Map. <a href="http://geology.com/canada/prince-edward-island-map.gif">http://geology.com/canada/prince-edward-island-map.gif</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Canada Atlas. <a href="http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/canada.html">http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/canada.html</a>. Accessed May 10, 2010.</li><li>Prince Edward Island Energy Strategy - Securing Our Future: Energy Efficiency and Conservation. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/env_snergystr.pdf">http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/env_snergystr.pdf</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Energy Framework and Renewable Energy Strategy. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/ee_frame_rep_e.pdf">http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/ee_frame_rep_e.pdf</a>. Accessed September 25, 2009.</li><li>Prince Edward Island Renewable Energy Strategy - Public Discussion Document. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/dev_renewable.pdf">http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/dev_renewable.pdf</a>. Accessed March 28, 2010.</li><li>Rural Action Plan - A Rural Economic Development Strategy for Prince Edward Island. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/FARD_REDS.pdf">http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/FARD_REDS.pdf</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Prince Edward Island and Climate Change - A Strategy for Reducing the Impacts of Global Warming. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/env_globalstr.pdf">http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/env_globalstr.pdf</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li><li>Island Wind Energy - Securing Our Future: The 10 Point Plan. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/wind_energy.pdf">http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/wind_energy.pdf</a>. Accessed April 28, 2010.</li><li>Environment, Energy, and Forestry: Wind Energy. <a href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/envengfor/index.php3?number=1024384">http://www.gov.pe.ca/envengfor/index.php3?number=1024384</a>. Accessed May 6, 2010.</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-60636655694517700102010-03-28T02:39:00.001-07:002010-06-23T09:08:45.346-07:00Tenerife Island, Spain<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"><span>Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span>, Tenerife Island, renewable energy in Tenerife Island.<br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Tenerife, a Spanish island, is the largest of the seven Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean of the coast of Africa (Figure 1). It is located in central position between the other Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, La Gomera, and La Palma. The island is about 300 km from the African coast and 1,000 km from the Iberian Peninsula.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAJJP1I1H1I/AAAAAAAAA0g/fbJWtdfzvLQ/s1600/2000px-Teneriffa_map-en.svg.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 324px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAJJP1I1H1I/AAAAAAAAA0g/fbJWtdfzvLQ/s400/2000px-Teneriffa_map-en.svg.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477020633146924882" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Tenerife Island<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Tenerife Island has an area of 2,034.28 km2 and 899,833 inhabitants (2008) divided into 31 municipalities. It is the most populated island of the Canary Islands and Spain, around 43% of the population of the Canary Islands population is on this island. The capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The city is capital of the autonomous community of Canary Islands, sharing government institutions (with Las Palmas). Tourism dominates the Tenerifian economy, the service sector is the largest, but industry and commerce contribute around 40% of the non-tourist economy. In 2005, there were 3,442,787 tourists came to the island. The energy sector contributes around 2.85%. It has a role in the development of renewable energy sources. In the capital city, there is a research institute of renewable energy "the Instituto Tecnológico de Energías Renovables.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Tenerife has pioneered bio climatic. In 1990, the world's first village of bio climatic house have been set up.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> Energy systems in the Canary Islands are characterized by isolation and up to now fossil fuels have been the primary source of energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> To make the island "greener", the government is committed to implement some actions and focus on renewable energies especially photovoltaic, wind power, and geothermal.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Background of Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Tenerife has been a favorite destination for UK visitors for some time.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][4]</sup> Going green and protecting the environment is one way that Tenerife can protect its status as a "hot holiday spot". The island is vulnerable because it is so dependent on tourism. Changing climates could easily put the island out of business and entirely change the nature.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Goal</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The goal is to protect its status as a "hot holiday spot".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Target</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The target is to achieve 100% self-sufficient with renewable energy with the Tenerife 100 program.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Implementation Planning of Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Some implementation as a realization of the government's commitment to make the island greener are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Sustainable public transport to reduce carbon emissions from vehicles and conserve the environment;</li><li>high speed railways for the north and south;</li><li>cycle lanes and bike rental;</li><li>preserving the natural and cultural values and extending the metropolitan tram network.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Tenerife Goes Green</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Tenerife is doing a lot to protect its beautiful and natural environment. They’ve made a commitment to individuals and companies to go beyond the basics and protect the environment of the island with aggressive tactics. One of the actions related to renewable energy development is the island has been using renewable energy since the plan was devised back in 1990<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> (village of bio climatic).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mancomunidad of North Tenerife</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This association was established in 1993 to cover the existing needs by its nature escape from competences of each municipality. It promotes collective initiatives that in autonomous way would be very difficult to be accomplished by each town hall. Many activities and services had been developed, one of them was local development area. There were some number of projects had been involved, related to the STRATING project and European programs. One of European programs in the field of renewable energy was HIDROBUS.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Programs for Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Tenerife 100 Programs</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is a model of renewable energy sources integration to achieve the target of 100% self-sufficiency with renewable energy. The scenario derived from the actual situation in the island. In 1997, only 1.4% of energy consumed comes from clean energy sources. The strategy would be developed for a regional high-level water and energy production with renewable energy and desalination systems. The solution for traditional transportation would be fuel cells, electrical or hybrid vehicles with batteries or natural gas.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Hydrobus</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The main objective: to promote energy saving and the use of renewable energies which could assure the availability of fuel supplies in the transport sector.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></li><li>The scheme: Buses traveling between the main holiday resorts and towns will run on hydrogen and the hydrogen generators will use wind power.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Developing of Photovoltaic and Wind Power</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Renewable energy sources especially photovoltaic and wind power are developed to improve and diversify Tenerife’s energy mix and dependence on the exterior.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Research on Geothermal Resources</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The company explores and develops geothermal energy: Petraterm<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li><li>Background of Development: the population of the Tenerife Island reaches more than 1.5 million during the peak tourist season. The demand for power increases to more than 800 megawatts during that time.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li><li>Project duration: two years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></li><li>The plan: to build two 50 to 100 MW geothermal plants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></li><li>Collaboration: Institute of Renewable Energy Technologies of the Tenerife Government or ITER (to monitor the Island’s volcanic activity) and the global geothermal consultant (to provide assistance to the company).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bio Climatic Village</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is a project of the 25 sustainable homes that have been built in the world's first sustainable residential complex. The building incorporates renewable energies into architecture. The houses are located on Tenerife's Institute for Technology and Renewable Energies (ITER) land in the south of Tenerife. The homes were designed by architects selected during an international contest organized by ITER and each home reflects each architect's individual sustainable solution.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAKIRdNG0lI/AAAAAAAAA0o/IasRlkwrYxQ/s1600/bio+climatic+house.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 178px; height: 127px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAKIRdNG0lI/AAAAAAAAA0o/IasRlkwrYxQ/s400/bio+climatic+house.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5477089930314699346" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. The Residential Complex<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Aim</span><br />The project was aimed to reduce the following problems:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>High energy consumption in dwelling.</li><li>High emission of pollutants as a consequence of building.</li><li>Scarce use of renewable energy and recycled water system.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Main Objectives of the Project</span><br />Main objectives of the project were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The construction of a development of 25 bio-climatic dwelling based on different designing approaches and using recycled and recyclable materials with individual solutions to the energy problem by mean of renewable energy, and common solutions for water supply. The whole structure is to be understood as a nonpolluting development, self-sufficient regarding energy and water and achieve important saving through the bio-climatic nature of design.</li><li>To provide innovative solutions for PV integration in buildings. To optimize performances of PV implementations and reducing cost of installations by using direct current at high voltage and high efficiency PV cells.</li><li>To give a local solution to many problems regarding energy production and consumption, as well as the use of renewable energy at a small scale. The dwellings will be integrated in a urban development that would allow a technical and scientific tourism to come and stay in this place using the common areas and evaluating results. The experience could be applied later in other areas with similar characteristic, allowing the dissemination of experience and knowledge developed in this kind of buildings.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Choosing of Location</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The 25 bioclimatic dwellings development are located on the coastline of the south of the Island of Tenerife (Spain), along a dry ravine. The main reasons were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></div><ul><li>large number of sun hours;</li><li>constant winds of a considerable force (7-8 m/s);</li><li>scarce rainfall;</li><li>arid land.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Bioclimatic House</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The construction is based on each architect's design on his or her own environmental ideas. It affords a unique opportunity to study the outcomes of each and every one of the different techniques used. Even the design is different, they share some common features, such as thermal insulation for the prevention of heat and cold loss and reduction of external noise.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li><li>The house is possible to be monitored the sustainability and assess the environmentally friendly solutions proposed by each one of the architects. They are equipped with sensors to measure temperature, humidity and air circulation.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li><li>The device for each of the dwellings is also equipped by people presence sensors.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></li></ul> All the works met the required common constructive characteristics:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Standard 500 m2 plots with a maximum built-up surface of 120 m2.</li><li>3-4 rooms and standing no more than two store high.</li><li>Cost of construction per m2 should not exceed 1000 ECU.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Passive Solar Cooling and Heating</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The house would be isolated to prevent losses.</li><li>To reduce noises from outside, double glasses in the windows would be used (the reduction of heat losses is about 50%)</li><li>A system to keep windows and door perfectly shut as it supposes 40% of change in gain/losses.</li><li>Bio-climatic dwellings were designed to save about 70% of heating/cooling costs, producing an additional cost which not exceed 20% in extreme cases.</li><li>Natural lighting is provided directly to inner spaces or adjacent to the house exterior.</li><li>Advanced windows, light shelves, skylights, roof monitors and side lighting would also reduce lighting costs.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Materials and Appliances</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><ul><li>The materials used are recycle (in the maximum way possible), depend on the weather with thermal inertia.</li><li>The appliances have been fitted to the needs of the residents (capacity, power) and have the "Ecological Label" of the European Community.</li><li>Utilization of appliances with low energy consume.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Electric Generation</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Each house is equipped with 2 kW of PV panels based on high efficiency solar cells ( BP Saturno).</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The PV installation would be integrated in the very structure of each dwelling (unframed panels) for a minimum visual impact and would work at direct current regime at high voltage.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">PV system for the electric supply of its own installations and also the common facilities for water treatment.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Four of the houses utilize an extra small wind turbine with powers ranging 600 - 5000 W based on different technologies.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The whole amount of energy produced by the 25 dwellings would be injected to electric grid and double register systems (consumption/contribution to grid) would be installed to check the expected zero average net consumption.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Water Supply</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>A desalination plant based on reverse osmosis and a purifying system would be supplied for the village.</li><li>The water obtained from the sea will be treated in the desalination plant to produce fresh water; it will supply the houses with the first pipe network.</li><li>The sewage originated in the building will be sent to the Visitors Centre by second network, where it will be treated in a sewage farm.</li><li>The third network will supply purified water for irrigation.</li></ul></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The residential complex (Figure 2) was conceived as laboratory,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> it was a strong limit to experimentation and research about materials, design and renewable energy implementation solutions.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup> Now the complex is ready to be inhabited by normal people to carry out their normal everyday activities; although the homes will only be rented out for short periods of time.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> </div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Tenerife's Government Website - Cabildo de Tenerife. <a href="http://www.tenerife.es/wps/portal/%21ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gPZxPfEG93QwMDCwsDAyNXN1PfEA9_AwNPM_3g1Dx9P4_83FT9gmxHRQAKP6LK/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfSEM0TVRLRzEwMDg4MDAyRUY1TVRITzAwSTY%21/">http://www.tenerife.es/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gPZxPfEG93QwMDCwsDAyNXN1PfEA9_AwNPM_3g1Dx9P4_83FT9gmxHRQAKP6LK/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfSEM0TVRLRzEwMDg4MDAyRUY1TVRITzAwSTY!/</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Tenerife Renewable Energy Day. <a href="http://www.sustenergy.org/UserFiles/File/SEE_PR_Tenerife_Day08_080701.pdf">http://www.sustenergy.org/UserFiles/File/SEE_PR_Tenerife_Day08_080701.pdf</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Tenerife Environmental Group Suggests Alternative Energy Sources. <a href="http://www.handyman-source.com/3591/tenerife-environmental-group-suggests-alternative-energy-sources/">http://www.handyman-source.com/3591/tenerife-environmental-group-suggests-alternative-energy-sources/</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Tenerife. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.<br /></li><li><span class="contentpagetitle">Ricardo Melchior presents Tenerife as a sustainable tourism destination at WTM</span>. <a href="http://www.tenerifenews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12870:ricardo-melchior-presents-tenerife-as-a-sustainable-tourism-destination-at-wtm&catid=41:rotator-news">http://www.tenerifenews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12870:ricardo-melchior-presents-tenerife-as-a-sustainable-tourism-destination-at-wtm&catid=41:rotator-news</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Tenerife to harness volcanic energy with geothermal plants. <a href="http://www.tenerife.es/wps/portal/%21ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gPZxPfEG93QwMDCwsDAyNXN1PfEA9_AwNPM_3g1Dx9P4_83FT9gmxHRQAKP6LK/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfSEk2TElLRzEwMFUxRDAySDk2QzhTNEdQUzE%21/#7_ED5HDFH20OFQD029KBBUKK1OH6"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">http://www.tenerife.es/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gPZxPfEG93QwMDCwsDAyNXN1PfEA9_AwNPM_3g1Dx9P4_83FT9gmxHRQAKP6LK/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfSEk2TElLRzEwMFUxRDAySDk2QzhTNEdQUzE!/#7_ED5HDFH20OFQD029KBBUKK1OH6</span></a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Tenerife Takes Action to Protect the Environment. <a href="http://www.lygxnw.com/tenerife-takes-action-to-protect-the-environment.html">http://www.lygxnw.com/tenerife-takes-action-to-protect-the-environment.html</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Mancomunidad of North Tenerife. <a href="http://www.e-innovation.org/stratinc/partner6.html">http://www.e-innovation.org/stratinc/partner6.html</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Tenerife: A Model of Renewable Energy Sources Integration. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/Tenerife100-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/Tenerife100-1.pdf</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.<br /></li><li>Tenerife Island Geothermal Project by Petratherm. <a href="http://www.azocleantech.com/Details.asp?newsID=8068">http://www.azocleantech.com/Details.asp?newsID=8068</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Tenerife acoge la primera urbanización de viviendas bioclimáticas del mundo. <a href="http://www.tenerife.es/wps/portal/%21ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gPZxPfEG93QwMDCwsDAyNXN1PfEA9_AwNPM_3g1Dx9P4_83FT9gmxHRQAKP6LK/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfSEk2TElLRzEwMFUxRDAySDk2QzhTNEdQUzE%21/#7_ED5HDFH20OFQD029KBBUKK1OH6">http://www.tenerife.es/wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gPZxPfEG93QwMDCwsDAyNXN1PfEA9_AwNPM_3g1Dx9P4_83FT9gmxHRQAKP6LK/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfSEk2TElLRzEwMFUxRDAySDk2QzhTNEdQUzE!/#7_ED5HDFH20OFQD029KBBUKK1OH6</a>. Accessed May 06, 2010.</li><li>Designing the Habitat of the Future for Islands 25 Bioclimatic Dwellings for the Island of Tenerife. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/bioclimatic%20dwellings-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/bioclimatic%20dwellings-1.pdf</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-38544027223721326312010-03-28T02:38:00.002-07:002010-06-30T07:42:23.666-07:00La Maddalena Archipelago, Sardinia, Italy<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, La Maddalena Island, renewable energy in La Maddalena Island.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Archipelago of La Maddalena is compounded of seven islands and various islets that constitute administratively the La Maddalena Municipality (Figure 1). La Maddalena archipelago is a National Park (Law 10/94, and DPR 17/5/96) with provisional land and sea zones with different barriers.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> This archipelago is located in the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica and north-eastern Sardinia, Italy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9qWHJ8q02I/AAAAAAAAAlY/hoiTzgQj5zs/s1600/Map+with+border.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9qWHJ8q02I/AAAAAAAAAlY/hoiTzgQj5zs/s400/Map+with+border.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465846147441152866" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. La Maddalena Archipelago<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3][4]</sup></div><br />La Maddalena isle is 19,6 km<sup>2</sup> area, 43 coast line and it is the only one with a populated town, 12,000 inhabitants<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> (during the winter season) and it grows until 40,000 (during the summer season).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5] </sup>Caprera is a little island linked to the La Maddalena by bridge. The other island is uninhabited except Santa Maria which is populated by tourist in summer time.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Utilization</span><br />Currently the archipelago depends for energy from the mainland Sardinia and the electricity is "imported" using sea cables (up to a total per year of 41.841 MWh).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> The annual energy needs is of 82.149,9 MWh (final use), which 45% for electrical needs. There is a relevant increase during the summer season, when the solar energy is high and the quantity of water is low (Figure 2). The loss of domestic uses water is helped by the water pipe coming from the principal island and also with the water boats.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9rgxitHqMI/AAAAAAAAAlg/Vza6oMsfHmA/s1600/energy+consumption+during+one+year.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 195px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9rgxitHqMI/AAAAAAAAAlg/Vza6oMsfHmA/s400/energy+consumption+during+one+year.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465928239501781186" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Energy Consumption during the Year<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy and Desire to be 100% RES</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The interest but also the necessity for local realities to participate, in the short period, to the deep modifications of energy market, supported by the law innovations, and in particular the interest in realizing sustainable development, especially for La Maddalena, have been for the local institutions a good suggestion to select to be supplied, even in the long period, 100% for RES.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Proposal of Realization RES Plants</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are three steps for the realization of RES Plants Proposal:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><ol><li>La Maddalena Archipelago has been participated in the European project "Altener".</li><li>Completing the definition of the new city plan.</li><li>The conversion of the Sea Military Arsenal (important structure of the Military Italian Navy). The Sea Military Arsenal will lodge other productive activities which are the part of the project as a Centre for the development of RES ( for the Sardinia Region and all the Mediterranean territory) and also a Consortium for the Technological Services Management (water, energy, waste).<br /></li></ol></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Altener</span><br />La Maddalena took apart at a European project, in the framework of Altener Program with the island of Samsø, El-Hierro, and Aran. The objective is to pursue the energy autonomy from RES.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> The project is executed in the years of 1999 and 2000. Samsø Island is the coordinator. Title of the project is “Towards 100% Renewable Energy on Small Islands. Development and implementation of Organizational and Financial Tools in a new Network Collaboration”. The focus of this project was barrier oriented.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Effort Concentrated on La Maddalena</span><br />On La Maddalena, the effort was concentrated on solar PV and wind energy. A main task was to involve the municipality to get planning permission to implement RE technologies and to strengthen the overall political commitment to the future use of renewable energy on the island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Substance of the Participation of </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">La Maddalena in </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Altener</span><br />For La Maddalena, this project has a role as the first step for the realization of feasibility plan on the island. Besides, the credit has been as a way to know the experience and the technological competition of others European partners. And the last, it was a way to sensitize the local authorities and the local enterprises on the energy theme.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Focus on RE-Business Center</span><br />A new Altener was being negotiated in September 2002. It is seen as an important support to the process of preparing training facilities for renewable energy for professional level, and in the future to be able to set up professional teams who can support the implementation of renewable energy projects on a commercial level outside Samsø Island. The contract would be held by European Commission together with partners from Ireland (coordinator), Italy (La Maddalena), Greece, Spain, Germany, and some Central & Eastern European countries. The aim is to collaborate on the establishment of renewable energy business centers in the countries concerned.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Program for RES Development</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Work Carried Out of RES Plants Realization</span><br />The work carried out in that phase includes the following objectives:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><ul><li>to set up 1 MWp from solar PV and 3-4 MWp from wind energy</li><li>to locate in selected places and considering the main productive services of La Maddalena isle (e.g. water cycle, drinkable water, water treatment) together with the new planned structures of the island (e.g. New tourist port, street illumination) and the planned restoration buildings, monument (e.g. fortress, many structures) and, the energy supply for the small isles of La Maddalena archipelago (stand alone systems).</li></ul><br />The work was pointed out to (Table 1, 2, and 3):<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Sector and Energy<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9ruFrRclMI/AAAAAAAAAl4/JJhQftmC0Io/s1600/Energy+and+sector.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 361px; height: 221px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9ruFrRclMI/AAAAAAAAAl4/JJhQftmC0Io/s400/Energy+and+sector.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465942879050175682" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 2. Grid Connection of La Maddalena Archipelago<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9rrKkaJEgI/AAAAAAAAAlo/emLzvCqadRM/s1600/La+Maddalena+Archipelago.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 152px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9rrKkaJEgI/AAAAAAAAAlo/emLzvCqadRM/s400/La+Maddalena+Archipelago.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465939664572060162" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 3. Places and Interventions<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9rrwVQ9IRI/AAAAAAAAAlw/VxW_J3wCDXo/s1600/Places+and+Interventions.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9rrwVQ9IRI/AAAAAAAAAlw/VxW_J3wCDXo/s400/Places+and+Interventions.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5465940313342026002" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>The main task is the technological modernizer of services and the supply and use of energy. For this scope the energetic question has been tightly linked with the:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><ul><li>constitution of a Consortium for the Technological Services Management of the whole archipelago, concerning in particular the production and the distribution of the energy (electric energy prevalently), the aqueduct and the water treatment management, the wastes collection and treatment, the quality of environment monitoring services;</li><li>the transport improvement, oriented to the pollution reduction and the preferential utilization of electric traction means;</li><li>the realization of a research program on renewable resources oriented to improve the technological and physical parameter, with the aim to make the applications more competitive in the market.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Criteria</span><br />La Maddalena Municipality has indicated formally the guide line for the sustainable development and promoted a project with the strategic objective of the total energy supply from RES. La Maddalena assumed the principal role on the territory about the environment and its future, considering that the decision to place the RES will be controlled by the Superintendence Authority and National Park Authority. Criteria used for methodological work:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><ul><li>Follow the directives of the park authority</li><li>The reduction mainly of the electric energy use for heat purpose</li><li>The need to privilege the heat solar plants to obtain the reduction of the environmental impact</li><li>The possibility to integrate the heat solar plants with the constructing buildings</li><li>The link of all the La Maddalena and Caprera plants to the Regional Distribution grid</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Financial Sources</span><br />Total investment is equal to 10 Millions of EURO in the first phase and 8 Millions of EURO in the second phase. The financial sources come from:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><ul><li>the Regional Program (Structural Funds – Q.C.S.) of the Sardinia Region,</li><li>the funds for the public works scheduled and during the planning phase financed by the Environmental Minister,</li><li>the Italian Government founds,</li><li>specific funds of the manager enterprise.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Management System</span><br />A proposal is the constitution of a Consortium for the technological services management for the La Maddalena archipelago. It will be the production and management unit of waters, energy and waste services. On the Consortium can be admitted, as well as the La Maddalena Municipality, the enterprises, the owners and the local authorities as the Province of Sassari, the Sardinia Region and the National Park Authority.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Advantages</span><br />The advantages are environmental and tourist image added value for La Maddalena Archipelago:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><ul><li>a Quality mark to offer to the citizens and to the tourism people about the environmental quality and sustainable development;</li><li>a Technical Actor, directly responsible, for the technological services management of all the archipelago: the Management Consortium.<br /></li></ul><br />The realization of the proposal will improve:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><ul><li>the development of local SME and a better local economy;</li><li>the employment and the technicians training and research;</li><li>services Technologic Improve;</li><li>the creation of a new Actor for the energy production - distribution, to compete in the RES financial market, created by the national laws (Legislative Decree Dec./1999 – Legislative Decree 24 April 2001).<br /></li></ul><br />Starting 2001, the RES energy producers and the enterprises making energy efficiency will issue financial obligation on the market (green certificates, energy certificates), add a financial value to the energy products. If the energy supply problem will not be resolved by 100% RES because the particular conditions of La Maddalena, and the barriers and constraints from the Natural Park Authorities, the proposal can innovate in a strong way all the system, looking to the future.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Photovoltaic Panels in the Nautical Pole and School of Excellence</span><br />The ex military car fleet with traditional granite arcades have been converted to an artculated series of service spaces. These spaces are provided to host commercial, exhibition and formative, linked to nautical and touristic activities. The architecture is characterized by the 10,000 m<sup>2</sup> white sail-like roof, suspended 10 meters from the ground and equipped with photovoltaic panels for the production of energy (Figure 3).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCtSVxF70mI/AAAAAAAAA3A/SlBCUdSBTdA/s1600/THE+NAUTICAL+POLE+AND+SCHOOL+OF+EXCELLENCE.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCtSVxF70mI/AAAAAAAAA3A/SlBCUdSBTdA/s400/THE+NAUTICAL+POLE+AND+SCHOOL+OF+EXCELLENCE.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5488571104790041186" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. The Nautical Pole and School of Excellence<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Towards 100% RES Supply in La Maddalena Island - Sardinia. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/la%20Maddalena-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/la%20Maddalena-1.pdf</a>. Assessed October 6, 2009.</li><li>Maddalena archipelago. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago</a>. Accessed April 30, 2010.<br /></li><li>La Maddalena lockt mit einsamen Stränden. <a href="http://static.rp-online.de/layout/showbilder/41363-dpa_tmn_hausschildt_1874760013948AD2.jpg">http://static.rp-online.de/layout/showbilder/41363-dpa_tmn_hausschildt_1874760013948AD2.jpg</a>. Accessed April 29, 2010.<br /></li><li>La Maddalena Archipel. <a href="http://www.italien-inseln.de/italia/pics/la-maddalena-archipel.gif">http://www.italien-inseln.de/italia/pics/la-maddalena-archipel.gif</a>. Accessed April 29, 2010.</li><li>Towards 100 % RES Supply in La Maddalena Island-Sardinia. <a href="http://insula.org/eurocaribbean/14_Rassu.pdf">http://insula.org/eurocaribbean/14_Rassu.pdf</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>European Cooperation: Four islands campaigned for renewable energy in the years of 1999 and 2000. <a href="http://www.energiakademiet.dk/images/imageupload/File/UK/International/2002_factsheet_international_activities.pdf">http://www.energiakademiet.dk/images/imageupload/File/UK/International/2002_factsheet_international_activities.pdf</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Ex Arsenale at Maddalena. <a href="http://www.dezeen.com/2009/07/01/ex-arsenale-at-maddalena-by-stefano-boeri-architetti/">http://www.dezeen.com/2009/07/01/ex-arsenale-at-maddalena-by-stefano-boeri-architetti/</a>. Accessed June 30, 2010.<br /></li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-66727879656926045452010-03-28T02:38:00.001-07:002010-06-30T05:27:59.585-07:00Samsø, Denmark<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"><span>Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span><span>, Samsoe, renewable energy in </span><span>Samsø</span><span>.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Samsø is a Danish island<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> located in the North Sea bay of Kattegat (Figure 1), between the mainland of Jutland and the island of Zealand,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> 15 km from the Jutland Peninsula.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Samsø is a small island and community.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The community is called "Samsingers". The total area is around 114 km<sup>2</sup> and the population is about 4,300 inhabitants (2009).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Its main activities include farming, tourism, and - lately - renewable energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S_-yxFzQbEI/AAAAAAAAAzA/UXEK6vx8BP8/s1600/Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 380px; height: 400px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S_-yxFzQbEI/AAAAAAAAAzA/UXEK6vx8BP8/s400/Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476292228346309698" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Samsø Island in Denmark<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3][4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Background of Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In the Danish Action Plan, Energy 21 1996, it was decided that the government should work on the designation of a local area which should change its supply of energy to local RE sources. As a result of this commitment, the government held a competition to become a model of renewable energy community.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> Engineer Ole Johnsson, from the mainland town of Aarhus, became fascinated by the competition and saw Samso as the ideal place to realize this energy self-sufficiency dream. After studying the island's annual wind-speed and sunshine-hour records, he calculated how much energy the island could produce from wind turbines and other alternative sources and concluded it was possible to beat conventional sources. He sent the plan (Figure 2) to Copenhagen and it won.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> In November 1997,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> Samsø was chosen among five competing islands, to be powered and fuelled by renewable energy only - including the transport sector- within the next decade. Being chosen as a renewable Energy Island does not mean that the energy agency/Government decides and pays everything. Without the contribution of the population, there will be no RE island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1997, this island was entirely dependent on oil and coal which were imported from the mainland.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Since 2003, Samsø has been self-sufficient in energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> Now, Samsø has achieved 140% self-sufficiency of renewable energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup> 11 onshore wind turbines are able to fulfill 100% the island's electricity demand.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7][8][9]</sup> 70% of their heating demand<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7][9][10]</sup> is obtained from solar power and biomass.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][7]</sup> The rest is gained through imported petroleum, which is compensated by 10 offshore wind turbines.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7][9]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Island Project</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Renewable energy island is an individual project, but during 1998-2002 it was also a part of the EC's ALTENER program that encouraged the development and expansion of an already-viable market for renewable energy sources. Subsidies were received from ALTENER program. The most important means to achieve were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Cuts in consumption and increased efficiency in terms of heat, electricity and transport by the introduction of up to date energy technologies and adjusting people´s behavior patterns.</li><li>Expansion of the district heating supply systems combined with utilization of local bio-mass resources.</li><li>Expansion of individual heating systems using heat pumps, solar heating, biomass-plants and other means.</li><li>Construction of land-based and offshore wind power plants to cover electricity production.</li><li>Gradual conversion of the transport sector from petrol and oil power to electrical power, and later on hydrogen.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Aim</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of the RE island project was to convert all of Samsø’s energy supply to 100% renewable energy within 10 years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Objective</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Danish Energy Agency selected Samsoe to become “Renewable Energy Island” with the purpose over few years to demonstrate that an integrated energy planning based on renewable energy source could be implemented within a limited geographic area.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Target</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The target set for project Samsø Renewable Energy Island was a 100% share of renewable energy in ten years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Program</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Focus of the Program</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Starting point: the program started in 1997, when Samsø won a renewable-energy contest, sponsored by the Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy, and was named “Denmark’s Renewable Energy Island”.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>First condition: Samsø received basically no benefits from the government: no prize money, no tax breaks, and not even government assistance. Then some government money was found to fund a single staff position in the program. Søren Hermansen became the first employee and he tried to get the program really going.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>The start: the Samsingers were conservative and hesitating, and waited for the neighbors to do the first move. Hermansen participated the local meetings and brought up the renewable energy project. At the same time he tried to get the support of the island’s opinion leaders.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>The energy plan: the project used a rough timetable that was included in the energy plan made by PlanEnergi. It is an independent consultancy firm specializing in renewable energy, environment, sustainable systems, energy planning and technology transfer. The original master plan included detailed plans and calculations. These plans changed along the way, when local residents took part in the planning processes.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Budget: at first, financial resources came primarily from Danish Energy Agency, Århus Regional Authority and Samsø Municipality. But most of the investments of the project have come from local residents.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Target group: all the residents of Samsø island. The project tried to reach the Samsingers in many roles as citizens, consumers, household owners and property owners.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Design of the Program</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Knowledge and ideas informed the design of the program: the project was based on a vision that the project should be approached by a bottom-up method by creating citizen involvement right from the start. It was a rather loosely organized project, where the ideas and methods evolved along the way.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Research conducted on target group: the project was based on strong local grass-root knowledge of the people and conditions in Samsø.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Project initiator: the aim was to get the support of the island’s opinion leaders. When more and more people got involved and were active, that prompted others to follow.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Campaigns: to give knowledge and practical abilities to save energy and get acquainted with renewable energy technology.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </sup>It included education and certification of local entrepreneurs, house calls by energy advisors, and energy saving campaigns.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Design of the project: the program was designed so that the target group would also have other benefits than energy savings as a result of their behavioral change. It also relied on the social benefits that it would create when the Samsingers would work together to contribute to renewable island project.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>The intervention: started after Samsø had won the national renewable energy competition.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Methods to get people involved in the project (participation): invited citizens to participate in work groups for the planning and development work, involved in choosing the technologies to be used in the project, (later) made financial investments to these technologies.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The main purpose of this method was to create local people’s “ownership” of the developed solutions.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></li><li>Social pressure: the project aimed to use social pressure generated by a small community to promote the program, and succeeded in that.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Communication plan: local media have been used extensively to inform about and mobilize participation in different activities, and to give status reports about the progress of the project. Information about the project was also presented in the numerous meetings during the project.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Process of the Program</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Interaction between the different participants: a large network of different actors evolved to support the project; RE island project personnel, private citizens of Samsø, Samsø municipality, Danish Government, and local and external business.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Reaction of the project manager to issues/problems: if the original plan encountered problems, they usually tried to solve it another way. If the original plan didn’t work at all, they abandoned it.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>Feedback system: there wasn’t really a system of feedback in the project. The participation to these projects was voluntary, so perhaps it could be seen as a form of feedback, if people didn’t take part.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Progress</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>1997: Samsø Energy- and Environmental Agency was established.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][10]</sup> </li><li>1998: Samsø Energy Company was established.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][10]</sup></li><li>2000: 11 onshore wind turbines were erected in three areas across the island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li><li>2003: 10 offshore wind turbines were operated in the south of Samsø.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li><li>2004: the fourth new heating plants based on renewable sources was opened and 6 villages were supplied with district heating based on renewable sources.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></li><li>2005: reached a 100% renewable electricity and 70% renewable heating.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></li><li>2007: Samsø Energy Academy was opened.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy in Samsø Island</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">21 Wind Turbines</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The 21 wind turbines are divided in two different application, onshore and offshore. 11 onshore wind turbines (Figure 2) has a total height of 77 m and located in three areas across the island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> Each turbine has a power of 1 MW and generates electricity for 630 standard households.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8][9]</sup> All together 11 turbines produce electricity more than the island's total consumption of electricity. The turbines are connected to the electricity grid in Jutland via transformer stations in the city of Vadstrup. They transmit electricity when there are excess of electricity production. The total electricity production of 11 wind turbines in average is around 28,000 MWh/year. 10 offshore wind turbines (Figure 3) are located in the south of Samsø.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> Each of them has a power more than 2 MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup> It is used to offset the CO2 footprint of the transportation sector of the island, including the ferries.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEEeu1FFXI/AAAAAAAAAzQ/H9JPq3T-aRg/s1600/wind+farm.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEEeu1FFXI/AAAAAAAAAzQ/H9JPq3T-aRg/s400/wind+farm.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476663547872482674" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Onshore wind turbines<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[11]</sup></div><br />Onshore wind turbines:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup> <ul><li>Tanderup: three turbines, the annual production is around 7,600 MWh.<br /></li><li>Permelile: three turbines, the annual production is around 7,600 MWh.</li><li>Brundby: five turbines, the production is around 12,700 MW/year.</li></ul>Offshore wind turbines: the annual production is around 77,500 MWh (280 TJ).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEFC8oEWiI/AAAAAAAAAzY/OeWv_NNUbog/s1600/Kirstine_samso.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEFC8oEWiI/AAAAAAAAAzY/OeWv_NNUbog/s400/Kirstine_samso.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476664170051295778" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Offshore wind turbines<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Four District Heating Plants</span><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">The district heating plant in Nordby/Mårup: receives heat from 2500 m<sup>2</sup> solar panels (Figure 4) and a 900 kW wood chip-fired boiler (Figure 5). The plant is the only heating plant of its kind based on solar panels and a wood chip-fired boiler.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEHzpN-khI/AAAAAAAAAzg/nXyFU-mWUcI/s1600/solar+heat.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEHzpN-khI/AAAAAAAAAzg/nXyFU-mWUcI/s400/solar+heat.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476667205678436882" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Solar Heat<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[12]</sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEIIo6fKVI/AAAAAAAAAzo/WaifraGL4o0/s1600/Wood+chips.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEIIo6fKVI/AAAAAAAAAzo/WaifraGL4o0/s400/Wood+chips.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476667566373939538" border="0" /></a></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Wood Fires<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[13]</sup></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Tranebjerg district heating: the plant was established in 1993 and was the first district heating plant on Samsø. A total of 263 private homes, commercial enterprises, housing associations and institutions are connected to the district heating network. The straw boiler in the plant has an output of 3MW and the total heating consumption is around 9,500MWh/year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Ballen/Brundby district heating: the plant fires straw (Figure 6) and is the only which is 100% owned by its users. It supplies 232 consumers in Ballen and Brundby and is located between these two towns. A group of inhabitants from the two towns and Samsø energy company jointly own the district heating plant.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEIi-twUUI/AAAAAAAAAzw/-_cRYglJFRs/s1600/straw+heat.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEIi-twUUI/AAAAAAAAAzw/-_cRYglJFRs/s400/straw+heat.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476668018902716738" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 6. Søren Hermansen in front of the Stacks of half-ton Hay Bales <sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[14]</sup></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">The district heating plant in Onsbjerg: is a straw-fired district heating plant with 76 households and institutions connected. It is a local private limited company.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Privately owned Plants for Geothermal Heating, Solar Heating, and Pellet Boilers</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;">An estimated 300 households in Samsø’s have invested in renewable heating systems. Some have had solar panels installed on their roof (Figure 7) which provide hot water and serve as supplementary heating. Others have replaced their old oil boiler with a pellet boiler, a masonry stove or another biomass-fired boiler. Finally, some have had the still more popular heat pumps installed, either for geothermal heating or in the form of an air-to-air heat pump.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEJHEXmGvI/AAAAAAAAAz4/HQYmO6-ED7k/s1600/Varme_samso_sm.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEJHEXmGvI/AAAAAAAAAz4/HQYmO6-ED7k/s400/Varme_samso_sm.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476668638895676146" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 7. Solar on the Roof<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Samsø Energy Academy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Samsø Energy Academy (Figure 8) officially opened in May 2007<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> in Ballen.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> The building is equipped with south-facing solar panels.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[17]</sup> The functions are:<br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>It is a community hall for energy concerns, a meeting place for energy and local development.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> </li><li>The Energy Academy houses the renewable energy organizations of Samsø Energy Agency, Energy Service Denmark and Samsø Energy and Environment office.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></li><li>It also provides RE education and communication by mediating workshops, conferences and exhibitions.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][8][10]</sup></li><li>It is a basis for research.</li><li>It gives service of renewable energy<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8][10]</sup> such as gives advice to Samsø islanders on insulation (Figure 9) and replacement of oil boilers.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li></ul></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEK3QOX5FI/AAAAAAAAA0A/yDVZpPb3rH0/s1600/energy+academy.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAEK3QOX5FI/AAAAAAAAA0A/yDVZpPb3rH0/s400/energy+academy.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476670566223570002" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 8. The Energy Academy<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[15]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAELXCi6mPI/AAAAAAAAA0I/w_kyTsiakB0/s1600/insulation+for+house.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAELXCi6mPI/AAAAAAAAA0I/w_kyTsiakB0/s400/insulation+for+house.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476671112307448050" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 9. Insulation of the Samsø's House<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[16]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Samsø Energy- and Environmental Agency</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It was established to promote the Renewable Energy Island project and to counsel the citizens who wanted to establish their own renewable energy projects. The partners were Danish Energy Agency, Århus Regional Authority, Samsø Municipality, Samsø Business Forum, Samsø Farmers Association and Danish Ministry of Energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Samsø Energy Company</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It was founded to be responsible for the overall coordinating of many different energy supply projects;<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup> and to implement Renewable Energy projects, especially wind turbine and district heating projects. Together with Samsø Energy- and Environmental Office they organized campaigns and meetings.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Hydrogen Experiment</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Energy Academy is running an experiment (Figure 10) to turn wind electricity produced at night, when prices are low, into hydrogen via an electrolyzer (in the shed here) to be turned back into electricity, when prices are higher. It is a stored supply to fully when Samsø off of electricity produced by burning fossil fuels elsewhere in Denmark.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[17]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAENIf4y7oI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/2wqR6S_JGoc/s1600/experience+of+hydrogen.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TAENIf4y7oI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/2wqR6S_JGoc/s400/experience+of+hydrogen.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476673061509066370" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 10. Experiment on Hydrogen<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[17]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Finance of the Project</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Total finance for the project were 53.3 million EUR investments and 4.0 million EUR public subsidies. The project also gained economic savings and profits to those who participated.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><br />Financial Resources and Partners</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Financial resources: Danish Energy Agency, Aarhus Regional Authority, Samsø Municipality, Samsø Energy- and Environmental Agency.<br /></li><li>Other partners: Samsø Business Forum, Samsø Farmer's Association, Samsø Energy Company, Danish Ministry of Energy.<br /></li><li>Samsø Energy Academy.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Investment Share of the Project</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>11 onshore wind turbines: total investment was DKK 66 million. Nine of the wind turbines are owned by local farmers. The remaining are owned by a local wind turbine association. These turbines are divided into about 5,400 shares, owned by 450 people.</li><li>10 offshore wind turbines: the municipality of Samsø has invested DKK 25 million in the procurement of the five offshore wind turbines.</li><li>Ballen/Brundby district heating: the Danish Energy Agency has provided a DKK 2.5-million subsidy for construction of the plant.</li><li>Samsø Energy Academy: profits from electricity production of the five offshore wind turbines owned by Samsø municipality have led to a subsidy of DKK 5 million.<br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lesson Learned</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A main lesson learned is the bottom-up approach with citizens’ involvement in any step right from the beginning. One evident example is the implementing of new land based windmills, where often end up with the protest like “not in my back yard” from private land owners. Here the initiative to a new windmill came from local involved land owners – and one of first things were to make a written agreement allowing the windmill to be located here – before further planning continued. And then again local people were involved later on in managing and operating the energy plants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Success and Failure of the Project</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Overall, the renewable energy island project was almost completely successful, because it fulfilled most of the goals that were set.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /></div><br />Success of the Project were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>100% self-sufficiency with renewable energy using local resources has been achieved in 8 years, two years ahead of time.</li><li>Three new district heating plants were built, 70% of the total heat production is now produced by renewable energy.</li><li>New wind turbines were established: 10 offshore and 11 onshore.</li></ul>Failures of the Project were:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Heat consumption aimed at 25% reduction, but instead ended up with 10% increase.</li><li>Savings in electricity consumption aimed at 15% reduction, but achieved only 3-4%.</li><li>The transportation sector aimed to reduce the energy consumption of transportation by 5-10%, but instead it increased by 5%.</li><li>The behavioral changes were not successful. The achievements in energy savings and conservation were minimal, despite of the several campaigns aimed to reduce the energy consumption.<br /></li></ul>The reasons of failure for savings in electricity usage and heating are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>It might be a consequences of the success in other field. When people get better insulation, they heat their home as much as used, and get a warmer home.</li><li>The trend to build larger houses increases heat consumption.</li><li>When people save money in using local electricity and heating sources, they buy more electric appliances that use energy.</li><li>It could be that people felt that they deserved a “reward” after all the hard work they did for the project.</li><li>It could also be that the positive social dynamics that worked in favor of building RE production units did not work in the field of energy savings.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Success and Failure Factors</span><br />Internal factors:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Bottom-up approach in any steps from creating ideas and planning to implementing and operating.</li><li>Land-owner written agreements regarding possible location of energy plants/installations etc.</li><li>Creating of local citizens’ ownership of project initiatives as well as of final solutions.<br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">External factors:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Commitment from local, regional and national energy authorities.</li><li>Experiences and expertise available from energy authorities and research institutions.</li><li>Funding support.</li></ul>The most crucial factors influenced the project's success:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">The economic benefits of the program: It has brought investments, more tourism to island, and thus generated jobs; The residents are shareholders in the wind turbines and are gaining profits from it; The price of heating energy has decreased after the early investments have paid off.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Local participation: the islanders have participated in the project in many levels.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Use of existing networks and organizations: the project was based on networks and communities that already existed.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">No free riders: many or all were taking apart.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Keys of Success</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Søren Hermansen, the Director of the Samsø Energy Academy, gave a view of the keys success of any significant renewable energy project are community involvement and local ownership.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[18]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Social Learning</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The project results were communicated both to the local populace and the world at large. The success of the project can also be seen in growing interest of renewable energy tourism. Some of the changes brought by the RE island project have been sustainable and durable. Even though the project has achieved its main goals, the renewable energy is going to be an important element in Samsø.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Samsø Energy Academy: Renewable Energy Denmark. <a href="http://www.energiakademiet.dk/default_uk.asp">http://www.energiakademiet.dk/default_uk.asp</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.<br /></li><li>The Official Website of Denmark - Case: Samsoe Renewable Energy Island. <a href="http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Climate-Energy/Fact-Sheets/Where-Does-Your-Energy-Come-From/CaseSamsoeRenewableEnergyIsland.htm">http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Climate-Energy/Fact-Sheets/Where-Does-Your-Energy-Come-From/CaseSamsoeRenewableEnergyIsland.htm</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Samsø: Denmark's Renewable Energy Island. <a href="http://www.wind-works.org/articles/SamsoeRenewableEnergyIsland.html">http://www.wind-works.org/articles/SamsoeRenewableEnergyIsland.html</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Samsø: Denmark's Renewable Energy Island. <a href="http://www.visitdenmark.com/international/en-gb/menu/turist/inspiration/det-groenne-danmark/samsoe-denmarks-renewable-energy-island.htm">http://www.visitdenmark.com/international/en-gb/menu/turist/inspiration/det-groenne-danmark/samsoe-denmarks-renewable-energy-island.htm</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Samsoe: A Role Model in Self-Sufficient. <a href="http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/samsoe-a-role-model-in-self-sufficiency">http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/samsoe-a-role-model-in-self-sufficiency</a>. Accessed October 28, 2009.</li><li>How Denmark is Leading the Way in Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.moneyweek.com/investments/commodities/how-denmark-is-leading-the-way-in-renewable-energy.aspx">http://www.moneyweek.com/investments/commodities/how-denmark-is-leading-the-way-in-renewable-energy.aspx</a>. Accessed August 24, 2009.</li><li>Danish Island is Energy Self-Sufficient. <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/08/eveningnews/main2549273.shtml">http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/08/eveningnews/main2549273.shtml</a>. Accessed August 24, 2009.</li><li>A Change in the Air: an Island in Denmark Points the Way to Self-Sufficiency with Renewable. <a href="http://www.eco-structure.com/wind-power/a-change-in-the-air.aspx">http://www.eco-structure.com/wind-power/a-change-in-the-air.aspx</a>. Accessed August 24, 2009.</li><li>100 Percent Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power:<br />One small island in Denmark is technically 100 percent powered by sustainable sources of energy. Could the experiment succeed anywhere else?. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Samsø - A Renewable Energy Island 10 Years of Development and Evaluation: A Description and Evaluation of the last 10 Years' Work on Samsø towards 100% Renewable Energy. <a href="http://www.onlinepdf.dk/Books/onlinepdf.aspx?onlinepdf=24054">http://www.onlinepdf.dk/Books/onlinepdf.aspx?onlinepdf=24054</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Samsoe. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%B8">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%B8</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Case Study 18: Samsø - Renewable Energy Island Program, Denmark. <a href="http://www.energychange.info/downloads/doc_download/337-cbcase18denmarksamsoe" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">http://www.energychange.info/downloads/doc_download/337-cbcase18denmarksamsoe</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Denmark. <a href="http://www.worldportsource.com/images/maps/denmark_sm00.jpg">http://www.worldportsource.com/images/maps/denmark_sm00.jpg</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.<br /></li><li>Samsoe. <a href="http://www.shetland-news.co.uk/2010/April/news/Samso.jpg">http://www.shetland-news.co.uk/2010/April/news/Samso.jpg</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy Island - The Danish Energy Way. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/REI%20-%20The%20Danish%20Way-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/REI%20-%20The%20Danish%20Way-1.pdf</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Samso: the Energy Self-sufficient Island. <a href="http://www.ngpowereu.com/news/samso-energy-self-sufficient/">http://www.ngpowereu.com/news/samso-energy-self-sufficient/</a>. Accessed January 06, 2010.</li><li>Case: Samsoe Renewable Energy Island. <a href="http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Climate-Energy/Fact-Sheets/Where-Does-Your-Energy-Come-From/CaseSamsoeRenewableEnergyIsland.htm">http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Climate-Energy/Fact-Sheets/Where-Does-Your-Energy-Come-From/CaseSamsoeRenewableEnergyIsland.htm</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Samsø Renewable Energy Island - Goal: 100% Renewable Energy in 10 Years. <a href="http://www.ens.dk/en-US/Info/news/Factsheet/Documents/samsoe170709.pdf%20engelsk.pdf">http://www.ens.dk/en-US/Info/news/Factsheet/Documents/samsoe170709.pdf%20engelsk.pdf</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>The 140% Renewable Energy Island of Samsø. <a href="http://www.appropedia.org/Sams%C3%B8_renewable_energy">http://www.appropedia.org/Sams%C3%B8_renewable_energy</a>. Accessed May 07, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy Island - Samsoe Energy Agency, Denmark. <a href="http://www.musecenergy.eu/web/practices/denmark/02_Renewable_energy_island.pdf">http://www.musecenergy.eu/web/practices/denmark/02_Renewable_energy_island.pdf</a>. Accessed 21, 2009.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Inherit the Wind. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114448-D86C-8038-F30949C718BDC04C">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114448-D86C-8038-F30949C718BDC04C</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Solar Heat. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114462-E1CB-3C0C-8923F3A83D5CB084">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114462-E1CB-3C0C-8923F3A83D5CB084</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Wood Fires. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=3411445E-E659-FA22-94F94A28947A5867">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=3411445E-E659-FA22-94F94A28947A5867</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Straw Heat. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114453-CF30-4953-EC246B8F0CCCDC77">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114453-CF30-4953-EC246B8F0CCCDC77</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Energy Academy. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114443-B153-6A88-BC3C624EC4F2CD78">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114443-B153-6A88-BC3C624EC4F2CD78</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Insulation. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114466-EE67-C439-1D4EFCF4E9428D26">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=34114466-EE67-C439-1D4EFCF4E9428D26</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>100% Renewable? One Danish Island Experiments with Clean Power: Hydrogen Hope. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=3411446B-088C-9ABE-656D05148A0489F8">http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=samso-attempts-100-percent-renewable-power&photo_id=3411446B-088C-9ABE-656D05148A0489F8</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li><li>Local Ownership is the Key. <a href="http://www.shetland-news.co.uk/2010/April/news/Local%20ownership%20is%20the%20key.htm">http://www.shetland-news.co.uk/2010/April/news/Local%20ownership%20is%20the%20key.htm</a>. Accessed May 28, 2010.</li></ol><span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-33126385432661610082010-03-28T02:37:00.003-07:002010-06-23T08:49:00.691-07:00Pellworm Island, Germany<div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"><span>Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span>, Pellworm Island, renewable energy in Pellworm Island.<br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Pellworm is one of the North Frisian Islands located in the North Sea coast of Germany (Figure 1). It is a part of the Nordfriesland district in the Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein. Its area is 37 km2 and the population is around 1,200 inhabitants. Together with some smaller islands, Pellworm forms "the Amt Pellworm".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-JkoP71J0I/AAAAAAAAAoo/jlKpSwmFUxc/s1600/Pellworm+Island.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 193px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-JkoP71J0I/AAAAAAAAAoo/jlKpSwmFUxc/s400/Pellworm+Island.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5468043540216227650" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Pellworm Island in the North Sea coast of Germany<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2][3]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Background of Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Pellworm Island has pioneered the utilization of renewable energy since early 80's. After that period, the development is increasing. The island economy is based on farming and tourism, with an overwhelming predominance of the service sector. Due to the acute seasonality of the tourist industry, its energy needs are one of the major conditioning factors of the energy self-sufficiency project. Another essential aspect that defines the case of Pellworm is the fact that the island is connected to the mainland electricity grid in Germany via submarine cables. The idea was to break this connection in the immediate future and create a self-sufficient, 100% RES system.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Plan</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1997, a renewable energy plan for Pellworm was drawn up. The title was “Energy Supply on the Basis of Renewable Energy Sources Using the Example of the North Sea Island Pellworm - A Local Development Plan”. The goal of the development plan was to present model concepts for energy supply based on renewable energies and to access a broad spectrum of applications. Special emphasis was given to wind power and biomass and to ways of storing energy. Pellworm's strategy for the future is based on fully exploiting its main sources of renewables: wind, sun and biomass.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Wind Power</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Wind power has the greatest potential of the island's renewable energy. In the late 70's, experiments were started with wind generators. There were 16 wind generators (2001). These generators represented an installed power of 5.9 MW. The output was 15,100 MWh/year. Potential of wind power in the island was estimated around 91,500 MWh. It leaved a wide enough margin for the project of wind power in the future. The study indicated that the longest periods of recorded calm (with no wind) did not exceed 74 hours.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biomass Resources</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Basic biomass resources are focused on harnessing energy from straw and manure to offer energy complement to cover the eventually of variable winds. The inventory of available biomass even includes harnessing grass cutting from the edges of the roads. The renewable energy plan calculated that biomass potential in the island was around 7000 MWh/year. This biomass potential could be used to produce moderate heat and to supply electricity. The proposal of renewable energy plan was based on power station with capacity to produce around 1 MW of heat and 200 kW of electricity.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Photovoltaic Energy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There were nearly 8,000 m<sup>2</sup> of photovoltaic installed (2001). In 1983, the first plan of 300 kW was installed. This plant stopped to operate in 1989 and was undergoing re-organisation. In 1992, the new photovoltaic plant was installed. The plant had the same power and resulted a production of 225 MWh/year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Heat Pumps and the Increase in Energy Efficiency</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">One aim of the plan was to bring heat pumps to be used in at least 500 of 674 residential buildings of Pellworm which consumed around 13,000 MWh/year of heat. By utilizing heat pumps, electricity requirements could be cut into around 4,300 MWh/year. It was an essential step in the design of energy self-sufficient model.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Solar Thermal</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Advances of the studies done for Pellworm suggested that almost half of the hot water requirements could be met by solar thermal energy. Those study results increased the number of solar installation. There were 28 solar installation with a total area of 318 m<sup>2</sup> (2001). By producing hot water in this way, there would be an approximate energy saving of 127 MWh/year. The plan intended to install solar thermal energy in 270 buildings (40%) of the total buildings (674 buildings) in the island, which would provide 390 MWh/year of heat.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biogas</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Available liquid manure (slurries) was around 11,000 m<sup>3</sup>/year. This number was based on the possibility of concentrating the effluents of 70% of the livestock holdings. Cost analysis suggested that the generation of biogas would only be feasible with a centralized system using methane digester. Within the context of 100% RES for Pellworm, two biogas production have been analyzed (46 kWel and 200 kWel). The smaller version gave better continuous performance. The larger version would provide greater storage power with sufficient capacity to cover windless days.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Current</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Total energy resulted from renewable energy is around 22.5 million kWh/year. That is about twice of the island's power need. The energy is used not only for recreation but also for power supply. The excess energy is supplied to the mainland through the grid.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><br />Electricity from Solar Energy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">As a region which is rich with the sun light, energy resulted from solar per year is around 1,000 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>. In the reason of solar cell efficiency about 16%, energy resulted from solar is around 160 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>. The whole island obtains energy from solar totally around 2.2 million kWh/year. It is equal to 220,000 liters of oil.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Electricity from Wind Energy</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are 12 wind turbines currently in the Pellworm Island. These wind turbines produce in total 15.85 million kWh electricity or equivalent with 1.585 million liters of oil.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> Only a few wind power generators were erected in the north-east and are not likely to extend beyond the actual confines, due to restrictions by regional planning. However,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> one of the largest hybrid renewable energy plants in Europe is located in Pellworm (Figure 2). It combines photovoltaic and wind energy<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][5]</sup> to provide over 700 MWh/year electricity.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> This largest hybrid plants has been operated by E.ON Hanse AG.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-KSqG2e45I/AAAAAAAAAow/kYzT9NOeqew/s1600/Solarenergie-6a.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 261px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S-KSqG2e45I/AAAAAAAAAow/kYzT9NOeqew/s400/Solarenergie-6a.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5468094149672493970" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Power plants combining solar and wind power<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Electricity and Heat from Biomass</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Fermentation of cattle and pig manure and plants produce methane (CH4) created by internal combustion engine. A generator convert this biomass into electricity. Pellworm Island obtains 4.2 million kWh/year of energy from biomass, only 30% of this energy can be converted into electricity. The waste heat is used for heating in the resort.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Nordsee-Insel Pellworm Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.pellworm.de/">http://www.pellworm.de/</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.</li><li>Services - Pellworm Energy: Energieversorgung mit erneuerbaren Energien am Beispiel der Nordseeinsel Pellworm - Ein lokaler Entwicklungsplan (Download). <a href="http://www.pellworm-energy.org/html/Services.html">http://www.pellworm-energy.org/html/Services.html</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Pellworm. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellworm">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellworm</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.<br /></li><li>Inselkarte 2008. <a href="http://www.pellworm.de/fileadmin/downloads/Inselkarte_2008.pdf">http://www.pellworm.de/fileadmin/downloads/Inselkarte_2008.pdf</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.</li><li>Nordsee-Insel Pellworm: Weltnaturerbe. <a href="http://www.pellworm.de/926.0.html">http://www.pellworm.de/926.0.html</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.</li><li>The Pellworm Experience. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/pellworm-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/pellworm-1.pdf</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Cultural Entity Pellworm. <a href="http://www.lancewadplan.org/Cultural%20atlas/SH/Pellworm/pellworm.htm">http://www.lancewadplan.org/Cultural%20atlas/SH/Pellworm/pellworm.htm</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.</li><li>Nordsee-Insel Pellworm: Energie für die Zukunft. <a href="http://www.pellworm.de/fileadmin/pdf/Flyer_Energie_Pellworm.pdf">http://www.pellworm.de/fileadmin/pdf/Flyer_Energie_Pellworm.pdf</a>. Accessed May 4, 2010.</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-72729683814149827462010-03-28T02:37:00.001-07:002010-06-30T14:11:26.626-07:00Minorca Island, Spain<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, Minorca Island, renewable energy in Minorca Island.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Minorca or Menorca is one of the Balearic Islands which is located in the Mediterranean Sea and belongs to Spain (Figure 1). This Island has a population of 88,000 inhabitants and an area of 694.39 km<sup>2</sup>. The major town are <span class="mw-redirect">Maó and Ciutadella. The island is divided into eight municipalities. They are Ciutadella, Ferreries, Es Mercadal, Es Migjorn Gran, Alaior, </span> <span class="mw-redirect">Maó, Es Castell, and </span>Sant Lluís.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S91SJUbNirI/AAAAAAAAAoI/C7rCnJ4kvlE/s1600/Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 239px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S91SJUbNirI/AAAAAAAAAoI/C7rCnJ4kvlE/s400/Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466615842752793266" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Minorca Island in the Mediterranean Sea<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][2]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Minorca emphasizes tourist activity even it is a complex territory where many economic activities converge. This island receives more than one million visitors per year and the natural and culture heritages are the most interesting in the Mediterranean. The protected areas occupy 46% of the surface area and the rest is represented by singular agricultural landscape. It deserves its consideration as cultural landscape according to the terminology of the World Centre of Heritage. The island lodges also around 1,500 megalithic monuments. In 1993, UNESCO declared Minorca as a Biosphere Reserve. This nomination converts the island into an international reference for sustainable development.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Plan</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The renewable energy plan developed within the framework of the Altener Program and implemented in close co-operation between the Consell Insular de Menorca and INSULA with the technical realization of the Institut Menorqui d'Estudis, is inserted in the general sustainable development strategy of the European Islands and in the specific lines of action that sustainable development plan marks for Menorca. One of the most important aspects of the Minorca Plan was given by the situation characterized by a very low renewable sources penetration (~ 1% of the primary energy).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br />The plan has complied with the objectives:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Identification of the energy economy potential and the sources of renewable resources to be mobilized.</li><li>Identification of the economic and technical potential to be developed.</li><li>First forecast of the degree of mobilization and the interest of the actors concerned.</li><li>Identification of political priorities for renewable sources in the context of island sustainable development.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable and Environment - Sustainability Criteria</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The special consideration of Minorca as a Reserve of the Biosphere of UNESCO has brought about that the resolution of eco-dilemmas in the implementation of renewable energy sources has occupied a preferential place in the Plan. Besides, other important aspects have been included also in the planning criteria. They are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><ul><li>Employment creation according to potential by sources.</li><li>Promotion of the small and medium-sized local business.</li><li>Qualification of the business and labor staff.</li><li>Strengthening capacity of the image of joint responsibility that implies the Reserve.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Action Strategies</span><br />The plan develops the following aspects on an horizontal approach:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Specific information to the market actors</li><li>Join the renewable energy component to Minorca's institutional logo</li><li>Establishment of a service of guidance and support on renewable energies</li><li>Specific activities per renewable source (wind, thermal solar, PV, passive solar energy)<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Saving and Efficiency</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The municipal public lighting system has been chosen as object of analysis and proposal regarding energy saving, taking into account that the electrical consumption in this sector represents 6% of the total. This demonstration action is completed with the proposal of incorporation of rational use of energy criteria to the Code of Good Practice and Renewable Energies of Minorca.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prioritizing Activities of Actors and Sectors</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Town Councils and Consell Insular</span><br />There were some first steps of the plan implementation were taken:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><ul><li>Integration thermal solar applications into the principal public buildings.</li><li>Photovoltaic installations in monuments and tourist centres in natural areas.</li><li>Passive solar design for new public constructions.</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Tourism Sector</span><br />Some priority activities of the plan implementation were taken:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>To launch a campaign aiming to install 8,000 m<sup>2</sup> of solar panels in the island's tourist buildings.</li><li>To incorporate renewable sources as guidelines of action with the support of environmental management systems and bio-hotel labels.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Measures</span><br />Implementation of the plan had foreseen the adoption of accompanying measures such as:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The creation of the Code of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency of Minorca.</li><li>The necessary regulatory and legal actions.</li><li>Deepening of specialized training.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Solar Field in the Summer House</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This house is designed to be a summer house. The interior design spaces seek good relations with the outside world, the colonization of their surroundings and views. The plot was organized in a spatial structure, entirely feasible, based on a trace orthogonal, the combination of plants, platforms, water, trees, plants, Tanca, pergolas, walls and the house (Figure 2). The architect, Pablo Serrano Elorduy, combines those elements in a harmonious whole (Figure 3). The house is located in the center of the solar field which is divided into two position, front and back.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> It utilizes large windows and clean white walls which defines it identity. It is also occupied with stylish pool, wooden terrace, and lighting effects (Figure 4).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCt3rhd_XnI/AAAAAAAAA3I/X5kHI2Ubfks/s1600/Summer-House-in-Menorca11.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 343px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCt3rhd_XnI/AAAAAAAAA3I/X5kHI2Ubfks/s400/Summer-House-in-Menorca11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5488612160483319410" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. The plot<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4][5]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCt4OdNyxAI/AAAAAAAAA3Q/_fCJszimRqY/s1600/modern-summer-house2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCt4OdNyxAI/AAAAAAAAA3Q/_fCJszimRqY/s400/modern-summer-house2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5488612760637064194" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Harmonious whole of the elements<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4][5]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCt5PvvA_xI/AAAAAAAAA3g/h69vJGrB6SA/s1600/modern-summer-house7.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 259px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TCt5PvvA_xI/AAAAAAAAA3g/h69vJGrB6SA/s400/modern-summer-house7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5488613882299744018" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Stylish pool, wooden terrace, and lighting effects<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4][5]</sup></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /></div> <ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009</li><li>How Can Menorca Progress Towards Sustainable Transport? - Discussion Paper. <a href="http://www.kilsby.com.au/archive/p0102e.pdf">http://www.kilsby.com.au/archive/p0102e.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Evolution towards a smart Energy Supply System in the Balearic Islands. <a href="http://www.icrepq.com/PONENCIAS/4.274.COLL.pdf">http://www.icrepq.com/PONENCIAS/4.274.COLL.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy Potential of Small Island States. <a href="http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/renewable-energy-potential-of-small-island-states/Renewable%20Energy%20Potential%20of%20Small%20Island%20States1.pdf">http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/renewable-energy-potential-of-small-island-states/Renewable%20Energy%20Potential%20of%20Small%20Island%20States1.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Minorca. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Maps. <a href="http://www.vacationstogo.com/images/ports/maps/1617_w.gif">http://www.vacationstogo.com/images/ports/maps/1617_w.gif</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Renewable Energy Plan of the Minorca Island. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/minorca-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/minorca-1.pdf</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Modern Spanish House Plans Inspiration – Summer House Design by Dom Arquitectura. <a href="http://www.homehousedesign.com/modern-spanish-house-plans-inspiration-summer-house-design-dom-arquitectura/">http://www.homehousedesign.com/modern-spanish-house-plans-inspiration-summer-house-design-dom-arquitectura/</a>. Accessed June 30, 2010.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Contemporary Summer House in Menorca. <a href="http://freshome.com/2009/11/26/contemporary-summer-house-in-menorca/">http://freshome.com/2009/11/26/contemporary-summer-house-in-menorca/</a>. Accessed June 30, 2010.</li></ol>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-66504129545754584042010-03-28T02:36:00.002-07:002010-05-23T07:26:36.781-07:00Madeira Archipelago, Portugal<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, Madeira Archipelago, renewable energy in Madeira Archipelago.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Madeira is a Portuguese Archipelago which is located in the north Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). It is one of the Portugal autonomous region. This archipelago consists of some islands and main islets. They are Madeira Island, Porto Santo Island, Desertas Islands,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][2] </sup>Selvagens Islands.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2] </sup>From those islands and islets, only Madeira Island and Porto Santo Island have inhabitants,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Desertas and Selvagens Islands do not have permanent inhabitants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9wfc098uQI/AAAAAAAAAng/__IaM_YkBFM/s1600/Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 146px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9wfc098uQI/AAAAAAAAAng/__IaM_YkBFM/s400/Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466278627836213506" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Madeira Archipelago in North Atlantic Ocean<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3][4]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Funchal is the capital city of Madeira Autonomous Region. The city is located in the south cost of Madeira Island. It is a modern city with the number of population around 100,000 inhabitants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup> Tourism is an important sector in the reason it contributes GDP around 20% to the region. The island of Porto Santo (9 km long beach) is entirely devoted to tourism. Over the past decade it has recorded a substantial increase in its hotel accommodation capacity. Development in Madeira is considered to have future potential since the necessary infrastructure has been established and adequate investment incentives have been introduced for expanding its hotel and catering structure in a controlled manner. Nature conservation is seen as important because it is a major draw for tourists to Madeira.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Background of Renewable Energy Development</span><br />The regions present some specific problem of energy supply and the major energy networks (natural gas and electricity) are not available and are not expected to be. As the consequence of the isolation and distance, this archipelago are very dependent on oil products and energy supply (electricity supply). Oil products and a relatively small dimension of the energy systems are transported by the maritime. Major oil alternatives are usually not feasible in these regions. In the other hand renewable energies and rational use of energy are frequently attractive due to over-costs and higher prices of energy supply and the availability of natural conditions. Insular regions seem to have ideal conditions for some development of new energy technologies.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Energy Performance</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span>The primary energy sources in Madeira Archipelago is represented by the local resources around 8% and the rest is imported oil products around 92% (Figure 2).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9xVXkhGmQI/AAAAAAAAAnw/CMqSveXP8FE/s1600/primary+energy+sources+1997.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 371px; height: 215px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9xVXkhGmQI/AAAAAAAAAnw/CMqSveXP8FE/s400/primary+energy+sources+1997.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466337911148812546" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Primary Energy Sources 1997<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />The local energy resources which have a high share in the regional energy balance of the archipelago are hydroelectric and forest biomass (firewood). Biomass is used to produce heat in residential and industrial sectors. Other types of energy, wind and solar have a share not so high but still considerable important as renewable energy sources (Figure 3). Those both energy sources have a relatively high potential to be developed in the future. The energy from solid waste in the waste treatment plant is possible to be established in the future to produce energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9xV5CewACI/AAAAAAAAAn4/Epvs0qB8hQI/s1600/renewable+energy+sources+1999.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 326px; height: 243px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9xV5CewACI/AAAAAAAAAn4/Epvs0qB8hQI/s400/renewable+energy+sources+1999.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466338486127689762" border="0" /></a></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Renewable Energy Sources 1999<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br />Regarding to electricity production in the archipelago in 1999, the contribution of hydro energy was 16% and wind energy was 2%. The remaining was diesel with around 82%. Energy from diesel was produced by diesel power plant using fuel-oil (Figure 4).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9xW2cQB0zI/AAAAAAAAAoA/fd4ogEby4cw/s1600/electricity+production+1999.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 309px; height: 208px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9xW2cQB0zI/AAAAAAAAAoA/fd4ogEby4cw/s400/electricity+production+1999.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466339541017285426" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Electricity Production 1999<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br />For Madeira Archipelago, local energy resources and the rational use of energy are very important to reduce import of energy (Table 1). A large of potential savings was estimated in the residential, buildings, transports, and industry.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Energy Utilization in Madeira Archipelago<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9wpRs9UXLI/AAAAAAAAAno/nyF32aQC3nM/s1600/energy+utilization.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 254px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9wpRs9UXLI/AAAAAAAAAno/nyF32aQC3nM/s400/energy+utilization.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466289431823801522" border="0" /></a></div><br />The load demand of electricity in the peak period is 100 MW and in the off-peak period is 35 MW. There is an increasing number of demand corresponds to an average growth of 7%/year. In 7 years the electricity demand increased from 261,30 GWh in 1990 to 418,08 GWh in 1997. The increasing electricity demand is due to the residential and the tertiary sectors. In December 1997, the annual peak of demand in Madeira Island was 100 MW. It was 5.4% higher that the peak in 1996. The peak in Porto Santo Island in August 1997 was 4 MW. It was 5.3% higher than in 1996 as the result of the tourism demand. The total electricity consumption in 1997 (final users) was 418,08 GWh, which 405,02 GWh belonged to Madeira Island and 13,06 GWh belonged to Porto Santo Island. This number showed an increasing of 4.5% in Madeira Island and 9.9% in Porto Santo Island compared to the number in 1996. During the next decade, the growth of the electric power supply capacity will be essentially based on the thermal production. It is not forecasted a large development on renewable energies for the near future to follow the increase of the demand.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br />In the 50's the first steps are taken to exploit hydroelectric power. At present an ambitious strategy of RES valorisation has been designed, embracing all the renewable energy sources available on the island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Hydro</span><br />Water is used for many purposes (drink water and agriculture). During winter, it is used for energy before finally is rejected to the sea. Water sources is available at high altitude (>1000 m) and is needed at low altitude.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Wind</span><br />There are two sites of wind production in Madeira Island and one site in Porto Santo Island. The actual capacity is 5,340 kW in Madeira Island (private) and 450 kW in Porto Santo Island (utility). In the end of 2000, it was initiated the amplification of wind park in Madeira Island (5 turbines of 660 MW) and in Porto Santo Island (one turbine of 660 MW).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biomass</span><br />Biomass used comes from firewood and forest residues. It is used for heating, hot water, cooking and baking. The quantities of firewood and forest residues are 30,000 tonnes for residential (mainly in rural areas) and 9,500 tonnes for industrial, other sectors 2,500 tonnes. There was a project of waste treatment plant which will include incineration with energy recovery and a study of biogas production from animal waste and slaughter houses.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Solar</span><br />Sun availability is 2400 hours/year with average radiation of 6.4 (in July) up to around 2.2 (in December) kWh/(m<sup>2</sup>.day). The area of thermal collectors is 3500 m2. Estimation of energy valorisation is 99 toe (hot water) + 1,150 toe (heating in greenhouses).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Monthly and Yearly Maps of Daily Average Global Solar Radiation of the Madeira Archipelago (Portugal), Obtained From Meteosat Images and Six Meteorological Stations. <a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/h40x2tn2g4k33270/fulltext.pdf?page=1">http://www.springerlink.com/content/h40x2tn2g4k33270/fulltext.pdf?page=1</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Increasing renewable energy sources in island energy supply: case study Porto Santo. <a href="http://www.energy.kth.se/proj/courses/4A1610/RenewableEM.pdf">http://www.energy.kth.se/proj/courses/4A1610/RenewableEM.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Madeira News Blog: Portugal Leads in Renewable Energy and Marine Conservation. <a href="http://madeiraislanddirect.com/blog/2010/03/portugal-leads-in-renewable-energy-and-marine-conservation-crime-statistics-jump/">http://madeiraislanddirect.com/blog/2010/03/portugal-leads-in-renewable-energy-and-marine-conservation-crime-statistics-jump/</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Portugal. <a href="http://www.earthday.org/countries/portugal">http://www.earthday.org/countries/portugal</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Wind Power in Portugal. <a href="http://www.evwind.es/noticias.php?id_not=1685">http://www.evwind.es/noticias.php?id_not=1685</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>IEA Wind Energy: Portugal. <a href="http://www.ieawind.org/AnnualReports_PDF/2006/Portugal.indd.pdf">http://www.ieawind.org/AnnualReports_PDF/2006/Portugal.indd.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Energy Storage in Islands - Modelling Porto Santo’s Hydrogen System. <a href="http://www.aidic.it/pres09/webpapers/176Martins.pdf">http://www.aidic.it/pres09/webpapers/176Martins.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy on Small Islands. <a href="http://www.gdrc.org/oceans/Small-Islands-II.pdf">http://www.gdrc.org/oceans/Small-Islands-II.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Renewable Energy Potential of Small Island States. <a href="http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/renewable-energy-potential-of-small-island-states/Renewable%20Energy%20Potential%20of%20Small%20Island%20States1.pdf">http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/generation/small-island-nations/renewable-energy-potential-of-small-island-states/Renewable%20Energy%20Potential%20of%20Small%20Island%20States1.pdf</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of Reference</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Madeira. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>Insular Context of Renewable Energies the Madeira Case. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/madeira-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/madeira-1.pdf</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Madeira Archipelago Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.madeiraarchipelago.com/map/">http://www.madeiraarchipelago.com/map/</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li><li>World Map Madeira. <a href="http://www.iafs2011.mj.pt/images/World_Map_Madeira.jpg">http://www.iafs2011.mj.pt/images/World_Map_Madeira.jpg</a>. Accessed May 1, 2010.</li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-43018324379382110882010-03-28T02:35:00.003-07:002010-07-14T10:09:15.358-07:00Gotland, Sweden<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renew</span><span style="font-style: italic;">able energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region, Gotland, renewable energy in Gotland.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br />Gotland is the largest Swedish island<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> with population around 57,000.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> This island is located in the middle of the Baltic Sea (Figure 1).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> The island is 40% covered with forests and 31% of land area is used for grazing and arable land.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> Due to the island is isolated, the economic growth is relatively low compared to other parts in Sweden.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> High costs for transports of energy, goods and people have contributed to a non-dynamic growth of the local economy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7sOBXy4pyI/AAAAAAAAAdw/bC7KB9qwIlY/s1600/Gotland.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 271px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S7sOBXy4pyI/AAAAAAAAAdw/bC7KB9qwIlY/s400/Gotland.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456970790219589410" border="0" /></a>Figure 1. Gotland in the Baltic Sea<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">Agriculture is still important for the economy, but the number of employed is decreasing. The service sector accounts for approximately 40% of all jobs on the island. Tourism provides a significant numbers of jobs in hotels, restaurants, and related trades.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> It also increases the population during summer.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Utilization</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Total energy consumption is 4400 GWh/year. 65% of the energy used comes from fossil fuels. The two main users of fossil fuels are cement industry and transportation (Figure 2). Up to 2009, the island's oil import is decreasing.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDzdvKyJB-I/AAAAAAAAA-A/rYJlY4Pu9cU/s1600/Energy+utilization.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 326px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDzdvKyJB-I/AAAAAAAAA-A/rYJlY4Pu9cU/s400/Energy+utilization.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493509447903414242" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Energy Utilization<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">A Centre for Sustainable Development</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1992, the Municipal Council of Gotland decided to make Gotland an eco-municipality, with the goal of becoming a fully ecologically sustainable society by 2025.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> On 14th October 1996 the Municipal Council of Gotland published the Eco-Program, which identifies the municipalities goal that "Gotland is to become an ecologically sustainable society within the course of a generation".<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4]</sup> The energy needs are high.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> The only solution was to turn to renewable energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> Communities and individuals realized that they can not continue to drain natural resources of the earth. Sustainability will play a growing part not only in Gotland but also across the globe.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy Development</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Main Aim and Motivation</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The target of achieving 100% renewable energy balance by 2025 has arisen from the municipalities plans to achieve a sustainable society within the course of a generation<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup>. The advantage of having a long-term plan with a specific year is that other planning which involves the production of short-term plans can become a part of the overall objective.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3][5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Objective</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The aim to develop an ecologically sustainable society has been reflected in many other plans and documents of the municipality. These plans have been approved by the elected representatives and were developed in consultation with local actors and the population at large.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4] </sup>Objective in 2025 can be viewed in Figure 3.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD2Dth-D2eI/AAAAAAAAA_Y/PjpGw9BpSDc/s1600/Objective+by+2025.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 344px; height: 312px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD2Dth-D2eI/AAAAAAAAA_Y/PjpGw9BpSDc/s400/Objective+by+2025.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493691938697894370" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Objective in 2025<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Vision for the Future</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The visions foundation is the entire society will work together and shares the ambition to create a sustainable and ecologically based island.</li><li>The goal is to be a sustainable society with sufficient energy by 2025.</li><li>The use of renewable energy will contribute to society when it comes to social and economical growth for the island.</li><li>The work carried out in Gotland will contribute in a positive way and and help slow down the climate change.</li><li>For 2020 - Biogas LNG: low emissions, CO2 reduction is approximately 20%, biogas is locally produced.</li><li>For 2030 and beyond - Hydrogen: emission free transport to Gotland.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Vision 2010</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Vision 2010 was approved by the municipal council in 1995 and shall be updated during 2003. The aims are: an increase in the use of renewable energy, an increase in energy efficiency, and to reduce the dependence on imported energy.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Political Process</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>1992: Rio Summit - Agenda 21<br /></li><li>1994: A 3-year Eco Municipality project starts<br /></li><li>1996: The first environmental program approved<br /></li><li>1998: Gotland approves the first agenda 21 document<br /></li><li>2004: Energy plan 2010 approved<br /></li><li>2007: Revised energy plan 2010<br /></li><li>2008: Revised environmental program approved<br /></li><li>2008: Vision Gotland 2025 approved and implemented</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Energy 2005</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In the energy plan "Energi 2005" concrete targets are defined for the energy sector. The plan was approved by the municipal council in 1999 and shall be updated during 2003. Some of the aims outlined are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Increase the amount of renewable energy in the energy system, by eg. 120MW of wind power by 2005. </li><li>Work towards an increase in energy efficiency in old and new buildings.</li><li>Reduce the amount of electricity used for heating.</li><li>Work for an expansion of the district heating networks.</li><li>Prepare a long term plan for a sustainable energy supply (2025).</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Strategy for 2007 - 2010</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Reduced the demand of fossil fuels</li><li>Organize the need for transport and develop systems for sustainable communications</li><li>Reduce energy needs in buildings</li><li>Technical equipment will be chosen carefully</li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Figures Set Out for 2010</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The maximum utilization of fossil fuels for electricity, heating, and transportation should not exceed 55%</li><li>Installed wind energy systems should reach at least 160 MW</li><li>District heating should use at least 95% renewable and recycled energy sources</li><li>The amount of renewable energy used for transportation should be a minimum of 8%</li><li>A new vision should be approved by ambition targets<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Energy 2010</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Reducing the use of materials that are found in nature and are non-renewable.</li><li>Reducing pollution from production and the use of energy by: preserving natures on renewable production and the variety; and developing a society with effective sustainable use of resources to fulfill mankind's basic needs.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Status</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The transition has been successful and the success based on some factors. The most important is cooperation in a positive spirit between individuals, the commune, and private companies. The commune has shown the way towards a sustainable energy systems, through visionary plans and initiatives.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Currently, renewable energy accounts for around 10% of the island's total supply.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Achievements</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5][8]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>An energy plan has been outlining development to 2005. In this plan the target is 40% from sustainable energy sources by 2005. A plan for 100% renewable by 2025 is now in the progress.</li><li>95% of the island's district heating is supplied by renewable energy</li><li>20% of the island's electricity comes from renewable</li><li>Bio-climatic, sustainable building are being built</li><li>Energy saving measures are implemented widespread</li><li>Heating systems are being converted to biomass and solar energy</li><li>Bio-diesel is replacing fossil fuels in municipal fleets</li><li>The use of fuel-cells as a part of solar hydrogen transport system is being developed</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gotland Energy Agency</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Gotland regional energy agency was established as a SAVE energy agency in 1996. Its activities include raising awareness of energy issues at local authority level, dissemination of information on energy management and supporting the sustainable development of local renewable energy resources for the island. One of the experience in promoting sustainable energy projects is "The Sustainable Society-Energy and Environment Projects on Gotland. This project involved the production and distribution of brochures in 3 languages and the installation of interpretation boards at visitor locations. It has a wide network of contacts with local, national and international organizations that would be recipients of the project results.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[9]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Campaign for Take-Off</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Gotland's Municipality has signed a partnership declaration with the European Commission and has been accepted as one of the 100 Renewable Energy Communities as outlined in the Campaign for Take-off. In the partnership declaration Gotland's objective to have a 100% renewable energy balance by 2025' and to work towards the realization of a sustainable society is outlined.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3]</sup> This campaign forms an integral part of the European Community Strategy and Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources by 2010. It is designed to act as a catalyst for the development of key renewable energy sectors.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">TransPlan Project - Action Plan Gotland</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Energy 2010 is a planning document showing a way toward a fossil free Gotland. The figures used in this document have been the basis for the calculation of the energy balances of the TransPlan spread sheets. A list of actions plan have been prepared based on the Energy 2010 document and after the discussions that took place during the three TransPlan training sessions (local stakeholders, civil servants from the Municipality, and the County government administration) in Gotland. Actions plan for Gotland are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">2008-2010</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Electricity savings in general</li><li>Savings in heat consumption in general</li><li>Develop more energy efficient traffic</li><li>Develop more solar heating</li><li>Conversion from individual oil and electricity heating to district heating, heat pumps or wood.</li><li>Develop wind power, from 100 MW to 160 MW</li><li>Develop local biogas production for transportation</li><li>Municipality Solid Waste (MSW) material used for energy</li><li>Introduction of electrical cars to replace fossil fuel for transportation<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">2010-forward</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[10]</sup><ul><li>Introduce CHP in Visby district heating</li><li>Massive conversion to renewable</li><li>Massive wind power development</li><li>Massive biogas development</li><li>Electricity regulation</li><li>Ferry boats and air crafts – renewable fuels<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Renewable Energy</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in Gotland</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Gotland has a good renewable energy sources potential in wind, biomass, and solar energy (Figure 4).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[3] </sup>Location of renewable energy installed in the island can be viewed in Figure 5.<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz0NQx06QI/AAAAAAAAA-Y/aQsVefbdsuk/s1600/Renewable+energy+in+Gotland.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 286px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz0NQx06QI/AAAAAAAAA-Y/aQsVefbdsuk/s400/Renewable+energy+in+Gotland.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493534154164594946" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Renewable energy in Gotland: a). biogas, b). wind power, c). solar power, d). wood chips (bio energy).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD1VZBXSIcI/AAAAAAAAA_Q/xUdpkWOCWgw/s1600/Renewable+energy+in+Gotland_Map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 343px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD1VZBXSIcI/AAAAAAAAA_Q/xUdpkWOCWgw/s400/Renewable+energy+in+Gotland_Map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493641008813056450" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 5. Location of renewable energy installation in Gotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biogas</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The municipality has approved a biogas strategy for Gotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> to increase biogas utilization in the island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> By 2012 minimum is about 3% and by 2015 minimum is around 8% (Figure 6). It was planned that the city buses will run on locally produced biogas (Figure 7) in spring 2010.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6] </sup>During 2009 there will be an active drive within the farming community on Gotland to encourage biogas production to fuel cars.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz7KqV4y0I/AAAAAAAAA-4/a9iXD6XL8WQ/s1600/biogas+development.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 206px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz7KqV4y0I/AAAAAAAAA-4/a9iXD6XL8WQ/s400/biogas+development.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493541806068517698" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 6. Biogas - development potential in Gotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz2H68T8LI/AAAAAAAAA-g/SWtuhVu3mD4/s1600/Biogas.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 241px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz2H68T8LI/AAAAAAAAA-g/SWtuhVu3mD4/s400/Biogas.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493536261426901170" border="0" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 7. Biogas production in Gotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In biogas installation at The Agricultural College, Lövsta, methane produced will replace 50 m<sup>3</sup> oil/year. The biogas installation will use farm manure as a fuel source. The manure will be used to produce methane gas that will provide heating for the college buildings - reducing the need to use oil. In additional, the manure is used as a fertilizer.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Wind Power</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Wind power has been used for many years and at one time over 500 traditional windmills provided power for the island’s communities.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> The development began in the late 1980’s through the establishment of wind energy co-operatives.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> At the beginning of 2000 there were over 130 wind turbines installed on the island with total energy production is around 130 GWh/year.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> Now, there are almost 200 wind turbines,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup> providing over 20% of the island’s electricity.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The municipality has taken an active role in the promotion of wind power.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup> More than 2,000 households in Gotland own shares in wind power plants.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> An electric vehicle project has been launched in the commercial sector with a view to having wind power as the basis for operating the vehicles.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The amount of electricity generated by wind power is expected to at least double within the next 5 years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4] </sup>Clusters of wind turbines which is called wind farms or wind parks are:<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Näsudden (Figure 8): 80 wind power stations with an installed effect of circa 40MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li><li>Bockstigen: 5 x 500kW turbines specially adapted for offshore use.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> The first offshore wind farm (Figure 9), 2.5 MW, was built outside Gotland’s coast in 1996.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></li><li>Smöjen wind park: 2 x 500kW, 4 x 660 kW, and 4 x 1.5MW turbines with a total effect of<br />9.64 MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li><li>Storugns wind farm: 6 x 660 kW turbines with total effect of 3.96 MW.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz-KpY3anI/AAAAAAAAA_A/NdAGAoqJyUo/s1600/wind+power.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 220px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz-KpY3anI/AAAAAAAAA_A/NdAGAoqJyUo/s400/wind+power.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493545104347458162" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 8. Wind turbines in Näsudden<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3dYS18X3I/AAAAAAAABAA/keEoqZC-UuE/s1600/first+offshore+wind+farm.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 170px; height: 252px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3dYS18X3I/AAAAAAAABAA/keEoqZC-UuE/s400/first+offshore+wind+farm.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493790529906564978" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 9. The first offshore wind farm in Bockstigen<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">As well as large wind farms, single wind turbines are used to provide electricity for farms and factories. Due to the shortage of sites on land, there are plans to build more wind farms in the sea. The largest currently being planned is an 80MW installation to be located near Grötlingboudd off Gotland’s south-east coast.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Biomass</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The use of fossil fuels in the district heating system in Visby (Figure 10) is gradually being phased out<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup>, the use of oil has been reduced by 75% since 1980 (Figure 11).<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup> Today 95% of the energy supply is from renewable sources.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][8] </sup>The biofuel glycerol is now used than oil for the coldest days of winter.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The district heating station (Figure 9) uses bark, wood chips, sawmill residues and forestry waste from a local by-products.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7][8] </sup>Biogas from the town’s landfill site and waste water treatment plant is also used to produce heat for the network. In addition to this a 10MW heat pump is used to extract ‘free’ heat from the sea. Altogether district-heating covers more than 75% of the city’s heating demands.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD1NgGf7ndI/AAAAAAAAA_I/8uovSKNIWnU/s1600/District+heating+plant+in+Visby.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 328px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD1NgGf7ndI/AAAAAAAAA_I/8uovSKNIWnU/s400/District+heating+plant+in+Visby.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493632334357568978" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 10. District heating plant in Visby, the capital city of Gotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3VP0xlDjI/AAAAAAAAA_4/VzM_8XHZfPQ/s1600/district+heating+sources.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 245px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3VP0xlDjI/AAAAAAAAA_4/VzM_8XHZfPQ/s400/district+heating+sources.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493781588303220274" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 11. Energy supplied to district heating<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The district heating system for Slite uses oil in case the Cementa cement factory is unable to supply waste heat. In elsewhere only renewable and recovered energy are used in district heating. During 2008, power company GEAB expanded its district heating capacity by about 4 GWh and took on around 60 new customers. The work of phasing out oil and electricity for heating municipal properties has also generated some new custom for district heating.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">As part of it´s commitment to phase out from fossil fuel, the local authority on Gotland has acquired around 60 vehicles which can be fueled with RME. In Visby, Hemse and Slite there are now also commercial RME filling stations (Figure 12) for public use.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3J704ua5I/AAAAAAAAA_o/Q6LzgqaY5Qs/s1600/RME+filling+station.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 153px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3J704ua5I/AAAAAAAAA_o/Q6LzgqaY5Qs/s400/RME+filling+station.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493769150107904914" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 12. RME filling station in Gotland<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Photovoltaic Electricity</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">A new central library, Almedalsbiblioteket, Visby: a sea-water based cooling system is used than air conditioning. A sea-water based heat pump will provide heat. 50m<sup>2</sup> photovoltaic panels (Figure 13) will produce electricity to drive the pumps.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">High school building in Hansahuset, Säveskolan, Visby: 6m<sup>2</sup> solar panels for providing hot water.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Recreational spa "Suderhälsan", Hamra: 35m<sup>2</sup> solar panels.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Ecological buildings, Muramaris Art Centre, north of Visby: photovoltaic panels supply energy for the water fountains.</li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3edkeDa_I/AAAAAAAABAI/5A4Gj5GVHhg/s1600/Photovoltaic+panels+in+Visby+library.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 162px; height: 339px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3edkeDa_I/AAAAAAAABAI/5A4Gj5GVHhg/s400/Photovoltaic+panels+in+Visby+library.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493791720049175538" border="0" /></a>Figure 13. Photovoltaic panels installed on the roof of Visby Library<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[8]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Geothermal Energy</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>A recreational spa "Suderhälsan", Hamra: 2 x 20 kW geothermal heat pumps.<br /></li><li>Ecological buildings, Muramaris Art Centre, north of Visby: geothermal heating will eventually account for the entire complex’s heating supply.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Small Hydro Power</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Rabbishuppet (Figure 14) produces ca. 100 MWh/year. The large turbine has a running-wheel diameter of 45 cm, receives 450 l water/sec., gives 18 kW power from the generator. The small turbine has a running wheel diameter of 28 cm, receives 250 l water/sec., gives ca. 9 kW power from the generator. With both turbines, the station can be used with a water flow from 50 l/sec. to 700 l/sec. The energy produced is primarily used to provide heating and lighting for a nearby greenhouse and any surplus electricity is sold to Gotland´s local electricity company.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3NQ-n9EMI/AAAAAAAAA_w/NeFpMSWwXKQ/s1600/Small+hydro+system.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 158px; height: 134px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3NQ-n9EMI/AAAAAAAAA_w/NeFpMSWwXKQ/s400/Small+hydro+system.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493772812034052290" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 14. Small-scale hydro-electric generation ‘‘Rabbishuppet’’ in Ihreån<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Savings</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">One of the targets was to have low energy consumption. In order to achieve these energy targets Gotland considered different technologies. For example, the sea was used in order to provide cooling and heating.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> Besides, Re-using excess heat from industrial processes is one way that the overall energy demand on the island can be reduced.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[4] </sup>Energy savings from space heating and electrical power consumption can be viewed in Figure 15 and 16 respectively.<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz3iWcevLI/AAAAAAAAA-o/GwBWOrTYYnE/s1600/energy+consumption.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 232px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz3iWcevLI/AAAAAAAAA-o/GwBWOrTYYnE/s400/energy+consumption.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493537814997810354" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 15. Energy consumption for space heating 1998-2008<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz4j4-gJ7I/AAAAAAAAA-w/2dhpoXOvBcI/s1600/electricity+power+consumption.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 210px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TDz4j4-gJ7I/AAAAAAAAA-w/2dhpoXOvBcI/s400/electricity+power+consumption.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493538940958812082" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 16. Electricity power consumption 1998-2008<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[6]</sup></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Recycled Energy as Alternative Energy Sources</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">At the moment, the share of alternative fuels sum up to around one third. The alternative fuels are residue materials and wastes from other companies. These are materials, which cannot be reused or recycled. At the moment chopped car tires, sorted plastics and bone meal are used as alternative energy sources. The process requires very high temperatures. There are no ashes produced from this combustion. The ashes from the fuels are embedded as raw materials in the cement.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br />CEMENTA, one of northern Europe’s largest cement factories, uses the surplus heat from the process for the district heating of the surrounding community. In addition, electricity is produced from the surplus heat.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1] </sup>Estimated electricity production is around 50 GWh/year and current electrical consumption is about 210 GWh/year. The plant (Figure 17) accounts for around 25% of Gotland´s total energy consumption. With the help of Vattenfall, the state owned electricity company. An installation to generate electricity using steam created from waste heat will be up and running during the year of 2000. This surplus production heat will provide an estimated 50GWh of electricity/year (a quarter of the factory’s energy demand). In addition to this excess waste heat is also supplied to nearby greenhouses.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3BCqZzQEI/AAAAAAAAA_g/X5abWate6HI/s1600/electricity+generation+of+CEMENTA,+Slite.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 267px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/TD3BCqZzQEI/AAAAAAAAA_g/X5abWate6HI/s400/electricity+generation+of+CEMENTA,+Slite.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5493759371948277826" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 17. Electricity generation from industrial waste heat at Cementa, Slite<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[7]</sup></div><br /><br /><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lesson Learned</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Change in Perception of Implementing RES Projects (1999-2003)</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Interest in replacing fossil fuels is increasing among the general public. Acceptance of wind power by the local population to a great extent is influenced by whether or not some formof local benefit occurs as a result of any developments.<br /></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Politicians and civil servants have been informed about the ambitious energy and environmental targets already set. Technicians in the municipalities property department have been trained.<br /></li></ul> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><br />Main Innovative Aspects</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The establishment of a long-term plan for energy sustainability, with a wide participation range (small and medium enterprises - SMEs, university, local authorities, regional energy agency and local utility)</li><li>The introduction of green certificates in the beginning of 2003.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Enabling Factor</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">s</span><sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>The aim to support sustainable development</li><li>National financial support for local energy management agencies.</li><li>10% capital grants for wind power developments and power purchase support.</li><li>Support for municipal energy advisers.</li><li>25% capital grant to domestic solar heating/hot water systems.</li><li>Grants for solar heating on public buildings and grants to convert domestic heating from electrical based systems.<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Official homepage of Gotland Community. <a href="http://www.gotland.se/imcms/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1003">http://www.gotland.se/imcms/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1003</a>. Accessed July 14, 2010.</li><li>Gotland Energy Agency Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.energibyran.se/">http://www.energibyran.se/</a>. Accessed July 14, 2010.</li><li>The Municipality of Gotland: A Renewable Energy in the Baltic Sea. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/energy/idae_site/deploy/prj017/prj017_3.html">http://ec.europa.eu/energy/idae_site/deploy/prj017/prj017_3.html</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Photographs of Wind Power Projects. <a href="http://www.windpowerphotos.com/">http://www.windpowerphotos.com/</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>European Islands Network on Energy & Environment: Gotland, Sweden. <a href="http://www.europeanislands.net/?secid=2&pid=4">http://www.europeanislands.net/?secid=2&pid=4</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.<br /></li><li>Gotland in Figures 2009. <a href="http://www.gotland.se/imcms/1354">http://www.gotland.se/imcms/1354</a>. Accessed July 14, 2010.</li><li>Report: The Island of Gotland - 100REN-ISLES - A Renewable Energy Plan - Sweden. <a href="http://www.managenergy.net/products/R326.htm">http://www.managenergy.net/products/R326.htm</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.<br /></li><li>The Municipality of Gotland: A Renewable Energy in the Baltic Sea. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/energy/idae_site/deploy/prj017/prj017.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/energy/idae_site/deploy/prj017/prj017.pdf</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Campaign for Take Off: Sharing Skills and Achievements. <a href="http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Projcet_Documents/CTO_Impact_Assement/FINAL_CTO_Publication.pdf">http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Projcet_Documents/CTO_Impact_Assement/FINAL_CTO_Publication.pdf</a>. Accessed April 16, 2010.</li><li>Gotland - A Sustainable Island in the Baltic Sea. <a href="http://www.cifalfindhorn.org/docs/Gotland_BalticSea_BertilKlintbom.pdf">http://www.cifalfindhorn.org/docs/Gotland_BalticSea_BertilKlintbom.pdf</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.<br /></li><li>The Sustainable Energy and Environment Projects on Gotland Society. <a href="http://www.gotland.se/imcms/3883">http://www.gotland.se/imcms/3883</a>. Accessed April 5, 2010.</li><li>Gotland - A Renewable Energy Island in the Baltic Sea: Campaign for Take Off. <a href="http://www.gotland.se/imcms/4174">http://www.gotland.se/imcms/4174</a>. Accessed April 5, 2010.</li><li>Gotland Energy Agency. <a href="http://www.europeanislands.net/?secid=2&pid=4&spid=10&">http://www.europeanislands.net/?secid=2&pid=4&spid=10&</a>. Accessed July 14, 2010.</li><li>TransPlan Project Action Plan Gotland - Islands in the B7 Organization. <a href="http://www.transplanproject.eu/docs/ENERGYSTRATEGIES/List_of_actions_in_Gotland_March_2009.pdf">http://www.transplanproject.eu/docs/ENERGYSTRATEGIES/List_of_actions_in_Gotland_March_2009.pdf</a>. Accessed November 21, 2009.</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2466529477942447386.post-42877640449650946362010-03-28T02:35:00.001-07:002010-06-23T09:14:06.117-07:00Faroe Islands, Denmark<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Keywords: renewable energy region, 100% renewable energy self sufficiency region</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, Faroe Islands</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, renewable energy in Faroe Islands.</span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Faroe Islands are an island group situated (655 kilometres or 407 mile from the coast of Northern Europe) between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup> almost midway between Norway, Iceland, and Scotland (Figure 1). The islands are part of Kingdom of Denmark. There are 18 main islands separated by narrow sounds and fiords, and a few small, uninhabited island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> Administratively the islands are divided into 34 municipalities within which there are 120 settlements.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VGRT213pI/AAAAAAAAAiI/JL9HMdshG8U/s1600/Faroe+Islands.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 236px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VGRT213pI/AAAAAAAAAiI/JL9HMdshG8U/s400/Faroe+Islands.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464350986085981842" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Faroe Islands<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1][2]</sup></div><br />The area is 1,399 km<sup>2</sup> (540 mile<sup>2</sup>) and has no major lakes or rivers. There are 1,117 km (694 mile) of coastline. The only major uninhabited island is Lítla Dímun.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[1]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Energy Sector</span><br />Household heating and the fishing fleet consume the major share of gas and diesel oil, while most of the fuel oil is used to produce electricity. The dominant form of heating is traditional oil stoves. Electric heating is very rare used, due to the relatively high power prices. Surplus heat from the thermal plants is not utilized, with the exception of heating at the power stations themselves. District heating is available in Thorshavn to only a limited area. The area is supplied with surplus heat from the local waste incineration system. This heat supplies approximately 250 houses.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br />There have been discussions on expanding the district heating system to a far larger part of Thorshavn during recent years. But as this is not financially viable under the current circumstances, it would not be possible for the district heating company to carry out this project alone at present.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br />Electricity consumption is fluctuated due to the economic decline and fall in population up to 1995. After 1995 the consumption has risen in the reason of the growth of the economic and the population. Less than 90% of the inhabitants are supplied by an integrated electricity net. Suderoe Island (the inhabitant is under 5,000 people) and five small islands (totally population is approximately 150 people) have their own power stations.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup> The electricity grid is locked. It means to install much more renewable energy, the grid should be deestablished.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup> Installed capacity in 2000 and electricity production in 1999 can be viewed in Table 1 and 2<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"></sup>.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Installed Capacity of Electricity in 2000<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VLFVl5QDI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/BnlMAuvj518/s1600/Installed+Capacity+of+Electricity.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 330px; height: 216px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VLFVl5QDI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/BnlMAuvj518/s400/Installed+Capacity+of+Electricity.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464356277951479858" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Table 2. Electricity Production in 1999<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VMGWxXRrI/AAAAAAAAAiY/FL586KBiQQA/s1600/Electricity+Production.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 329px; height: 227px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VMGWxXRrI/AAAAAAAAAiY/FL586KBiQQA/s400/Electricity+Production.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464357394959517362" border="0" /></a></div><br />Minimum load on the power net is approximately 14 MW in the main area, and approximately 1.5 MW on Suderoe Island.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hydropower</span><br />The power company SEV expands with hydroelectric power. When the expansion phase at Eysturoy Island was completed in the spring of 2000, the hydroelectric share will be around 50%. SEV had specific plans to continue the expansion at Eysturoy Island with will correspond to around 19 GWh annually. It was expected that the electricity would be expanded during the coming years.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wind Power</span><br />Since 1993, SEV has had a trial to operate wind turbine. The turbine has been reinforced to enable operate in stand with high wind speeds. The extreme wind conditions mean that suitable turbines are more expensive than standard models, but they are also able to produce more electricity per unit in comparison to wind turbines in, e.g., Denmark. The operational experience was good. In 1998, it was decided to purchase an additional wind turbine.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[2]</sup><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hydrogen</span><br />In October 2009, a new Pure-hydrogen project has been opened. This hydrogen is aimed to store the excess energy and distribute it to help unlocking the grid. The concept of this project can be viewed in Figure 2.<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VWBCzUjeI/AAAAAAAAAig/UmTwbVwZbxU/s1600/Concept+of+Pure-Hydrogen+project.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 235px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VWBCzUjeI/AAAAAAAAAig/UmTwbVwZbxU/s400/Concept+of+Pure-Hydrogen+project.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464368298815950306" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Concept of Pure-Hydrogen Project<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><br />Each part of unit in the hydrogen project specific purpose:<br /><ul><li>wind energy: generates the primary electrical power (Figure 3.a)<br /></li><li>solar energy: generates primary heating power for a building 7 months a year (Figure 3.b)<br /></li><li>electrolyser: produces hydrogen during excess wind energy (Figure 3.c)<br /></li><li>fuel cell: generates back up power to the KREC building (Figure 3.d)<br /></li><li>storage system and hypod: to store the energy (Figure 3.e)<br /></li></ul>This project has been designed and delivered in less than 7 months (Figure 3.f).<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VecmAwT6I/AAAAAAAAAjQ/AdZm8jMtR4Q/s1600/Pure-Hydrogen+Project.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 225px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HFeJw58JbFs/S9VecmAwT6I/AAAAAAAAAjQ/AdZm8jMtR4Q/s400/Pure-Hydrogen+Project.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5464377568217026466" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. a). Wind energy, b). solar energy, c). electrolyser, d). fuel cell, e). storage system and hypod, f). Pure-Hydrogen Project (under extreme weather condition)<sup style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">[5]</sup></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Information Related</span><br /><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Island 100%. <a href="http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm">http://www.insula-elhierro.com/en/islands1.htm</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li>Pure Official Homepage. <a href="http://www.pure.shetland.co.uk/html/index.html">http://www.pure.shetland.co.uk/html/index.html</a>. Accessed April 26, 2010.</li></ul><br /><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">List of References</span><br /><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;">Faroe Islands. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands</a>. Accessed April 25, 2010.<br /></li><li style="text-align: justify;">The Faroe Islands. <a href="http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/faeroe-1.pdf">http://old.insula.org/islandsonline/faeroe-1.pdf</a>. Assessed November 21, 2009.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Map of Faroe Islands. <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Map_of_the_Faroe_Islands_en.svg">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Map_of_the_Faroe_Islands_en.svg</a>. Accessed April 25, 2010.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Map. <a href="http://130.226.17.201/extra/web_docs/sornf/map_01.gif">http://130.226.17.201/extra/web_docs/sornf/map_01.gif</a>. Accessed April 25, 2010.<br /></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Pure Hydrogen®–Two successful Projects, one in an urban environment and the other in a community. <a href="http://www.climate-change-solutions.co.uk/pictures/content503/3-2a_daniel_aklil_-_pure_hydrogenr_-_two_successful_projects_v2.pdf">http://www.climate-change-solutions.co.uk/pictures/content503/3-2a_daniel_aklil_-_pure_hydrogenr_-_two_successful_projects_v2.pdf</a>. Accessed April 25, 2010.<br /></li></ol><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16166570054861505619noreply@blogger.com0